Peptides for use in promoting transport of glucose

ABSTRACT

A natural glucose transport promoting peptide comprising a glucose transport promoting fragment of a protein selected from SEQUENCE ID NO&#39;s: 1 to 6, and a composition comprising a plurality of glucose transport promoting peptides, is described. Also disclosed is the use of the peptides and compositions in improving muscle status in a mammal, especially promoting recovery of muscle following exercise or enhancing physical performance.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

Nearly 38% of the human body is made of skeletal muscle. The basic function of this type of muscle is to generate strength and allow movement and mobility. It is also a key player in global protein metabolism and the principal reservoir for amino acids (Wolfe R. R. 2006). Muscle also plays a crucial role in blood glucose level regulation. Indeed, 80% of glucose consumed is absorbed by the skeletal muscle and then transformed into glycogen (a form of energy storage). All this makes the maintenance of healthy skeletal muscle paramount for overall health and wellbeing.

There are many reasons why muscle health is crucial. Firstly, muscle loss causes immobility and, with an ageing population on the rise, this is becoming a huge problem. Secondly, active individuals want to maintain their muscle mass, remain athletic, competitive and healthy. Finally, low muscle-glucose absorption can cause high blood glucose levels which can lead to severe conditions such as pre-diabetes and, ultimately, diabetes.

Currently, there are different approaches for improving muscle health or muscle-glucose-absorption. The former is usually managed using protein shakes rich in single branched-Chain amino acids, however, these are poorly understood and their efficacy is debatable. For muscle glucose absorption, synthetic insulin is used. However, insulin carries an array of functionalities that impact other parts of the body causing side effects and insulin resistance.

Finding an alternative that helps muscle recovery and maintenance as well as allows glucose to enter the muscle without targeting the insulin receptor is thus becoming essential for the billions of people suffering from muscle loss and diabetes.

It is an object of the invention to overcome at least one of the above-referenced problems and provide a natural, food grade, glucose metabolism enhancer.

STATEMENTS OF INVENTION

The pea genome codes for over 70,000 different proteins. The Applicant has identified two of these proteins, each of which contains one or more peptides capable of facilitating glucose transport in mammalian skeletal muscle (hereafter “glucose transport promoting peptide” or “glucose transport promoting fragment”). Likewise, out of the more than 60,000 proteins encoded by the rice genome, the Applicant has identified four proteins, each of which contains one or more peptides capable of facilitating glucose transport in mammalian skeletal muscle. Glucose transport promoting fragments of the six identified proteins, and compositions containing a plurality of the glucose transport promoting peptides have been shown to cause a significant increase in cell surface GLUT4 translocation in response to insulin stimulation in-vitro (FIGS. 1-6). The specific plant proteins from which the natural peptides are derived are described herein, for example in SEQUENCE ID NO: 1-6. The specific pea proteins from which the peptides are derived are provided in SEQUENCE ID NO: 1-2, and the specific rice proteins from which the peptides are derived are provided in SEQUENCE ID NO: 3-6. Homologs of these proteins are described in SEQUENCE ID NO: 67-84. The specific peptides initially identified in the pea proteins are shown in SEQUENCE ID NO's: 7-46. The specific peptides initially identified in the rice proteins are shown in SEQUENCE ID NO's: 47-66. The peptides of the invention are primarily useful for causing an increase in glucose uptake in mammalian skeletal muscle, and therefore have utility in improving muscle health generally, but also find utility in treatment or management of metabolic conditions characterised by dysregulated glucose or insulin levels in mammals, for example diabetes and more specifically regulating glucose homeostasis and attenuating insulin resistance.

In a first aspect, the invention provides a peptide, typically 3 to 50 amino acids in length, and comprising a fragment of a protein selected from SEQUENCE ID NO's: 1 to 6 or 227 to 234, or a homolog thereof, or a variant of the peptide (hereafter “peptide of the invention”). In one embodiment, the peptide or variant thereof is bioactive. In one embodiment, the peptide or variant thereof has glucose transport promoting activity.

In one embodiment, the peptide comprises a sequence selected from SEQUENCE ID NO: 7-66 and 85-226. In one embodiment, the peptide comprises a sequence selected from SEQUENCE ID NO: 7, 13 and 51.

In one embodiment, the peptide consists essentially of a sequence selected from SEQUENCE ID NO: 7-66 and 85-226. In one embodiment, the peptide consists essentially of a sequence selected from SEQUENCE ID NO: 7, 13 and 51.

In one embodiment, the peptide of the invention is glucose transport promoting. In other embodiments, the peptide or variant is anti-inflammatory. In other embodiments, the peptide or variant is antibacterial. In other embodiments, the peptide or variant has cellular growth or proliferation promoting activity.

In one embodiment, the fragment has between 8 and 23 amino acids. In one embodiment, the fragment has a charge of −5 and +3.

Preferably, the c-terminal amino acid is not C, I, K, M, P, T or W.

Preferably, the n-terminal amino acid is not C, D, H, M, P, T, V, W.

Preferably, the c-terminal domain of the fragment does not contain C, M or W.

Preferably, the n-terminal domain of the fragment does not contain C, M, T or W.

Preferably, the fragment or peptide does not contain C.

Preferably, the fragment or peptide does not contain M.

Preferably, the peptide of the invention comprises a fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO's: 7-66, or a bioactive variant of the fragment.

Preferably, the peptide of the invention consists of a fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO's: 7-66, or a bioactive variant of the fragment.

Preferably, the peptide consists of a sequence selected from SEQUENCE ID NO's: 7-66.

Preferably, the peptide comprises or consists of a sequence selected from SEQUENCE ID NO's: 7-20.

Preferably, the peptide comprises or consists of SEQUENCE ID NO: 7.

The invention also provides a peptide of the invention in a modified form (modified peptide). The invention also provides a conjugate comprising a peptide of the invention conjugated to a binding partner.

[SEQUENCE ID NO: 1 (Pea Protein 1—P13918)]

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment of the protein of SEQUENCE ID NO: 1 or a homolog thereof, or a bioactive variant of the fragment. Preferably, the bioactive peptide or fragment is glucose transport promoting.

In one embodiment, the bioactive fragment comprises the sequence LAIPVNR (SEQ ID NO: 235). Examples of bioactive fragments include the LAIPVNR motif include SEQ ID NO'S 7, 8, 10, 12 and 14.

In one embodiment, the peptide of the invention (or bioactive fragment) comprises the sequence SFLLSGNQNQ (SEQ ID NO: 236). Examples of bioactive fragments including this motif include SEQ ID NO'S 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 190, 191, 192 and 204. Thus, in one embodiment, the invention comprises a sequence of

In one embodiment, the bioactive fragment comprises the sequence GSLLLPHYN (SEQ ID NO: 237). Examples of bioactive fragments including this motif include SEQ ID NO'S 18 and 19.

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO'S: 7-20, or a bioactive variant of the fragment.

The invention also provides a composition comprising at least 1, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 3, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 5, preferably at least 6, preferably at least 7, preferably at least 8, preferably at least 9, or preferably at least 10 bioactive peptides of the invention. When the composition comprises a plurality of peptides of the invention, each comprises a different a bioactive fragment of SEQUENCE ID NO: 1 (for example the fragments of SEQ ID 7-20), or a homolog thereof. Preferably, the composition comprises a first bioactive peptide comprising a first bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO: 7-20 (or a bioactive variant of the fragment), and a second bioactive peptide comprising a second a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO: 7-20 (or a bioactive variant of the fragment). Preferably, the composition comprises substantially all of the fragments of SEQ ID 7-20, or peptides of the invention comprising all of the fragments of SEQ ID 7-20.

Homologs of Pea Protein 1 (SEQUENCE ID NO: 1) include Vicia fabia, Cicer arietinum and Lens culinaris homologs (SEQ ID NO: 67-69).

[SEQUENCE ID NO: 2 (Pea Protein 2—Q9M3X6)]

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment of the protein of SEQUENCE ID NO: 2, or a homolog thereof, or a bioactive variant of the fragment. Preferably, the peptide or fragment is glucose transport promoting.

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO'S: 21-46, or a bioactive variant of the fragment.

The invention also provides a composition comprising at least 1, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 3, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 5, preferably at least 6, preferably at least 7, preferably at least 8, preferably at least 9, or preferably at least 10 bioactive peptides of the invention. When the composition comprises a plurality of peptides of the invention, each peptide comprises a different a bioactive fragment of SEQUENCE ID NO: 2 (for example the fragments of SEQ ID 21-46), or a homolog thereof. Preferably, the composition comprises a first bioactive peptide comprising a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO 21-46, and a second bioactive peptide comprising a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO 21-46. Preferably, the composition comprises substantially all of the fragments of SEQ ID 21-46, or peptides of the invention comprising all of the fragments of SEQ ID 21-46.

Homologs of Pea Protein 2 (SEQUENCE ID NO: 2) include Pisum abyssinicum, Lathyrus annuus, and Vicia villosa (SEQ ID 70-72).

[SEQUENCE ID NO: 3 (Rice Protein 1—QODEV5)]

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment of the protein of SEQUENCE ID NO: 3, or a homolog thereof, or a bioactive variant of the fragment. Preferably, the peptide or fragment is glucose transport promoting.

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO 47, or a bioactive variant of the fragment.

The invention also provides a composition comprising at least 1, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 3, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 5, preferably at least 6, preferably at least 7, preferably at least 8, preferably at least 9, or preferably at least 10 bioactive peptides of the invention.

Homologs of Rice Protein 1 (SEQUENCE ID NO: 3) include Oryza rufipogon, Oryza officinalis, Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (SEQ ID NO: 73-75).

[SEQUENCE ID NO: 4 (Rice Protein 2—P14323)]

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment of the protein of SEQUENCE ID NO: 4, or a homolog thereof, or a bioactive variant of the fragment. Preferably, the fragment or peptide is glucose transport promoting.

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO'S: 48-59, or a bioactive variant of the fragment.

The invention also provides a composition comprising at least one or more peptides of the invention that comprise different bioactive fragments of SEQUENCE ID NO: 4 or a homolog thereof. Preferably, the composition comprises a first peptide comprising a bioactive fragment SEQ ID NO: 48-59 and a second peptide comprising a bioactive fragment SEQ ID NO: 48-59. Preferably, the composition comprises substantially all of the fragments of SEQ ID 48-59, or peptides of the invention comprising all of the fragments of SEQ ID 48-59.

Homologs of Rice Protein 2 (SEQUENCE ID NO: 4) include Oryza brachyantha, and Zizania latifolia (SEQ ID NO: 76-78).

[SEQUENCE ID NO: 5 (Rice Protein 3—P14614)]

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment of the protein of SEQUENCE ID NO: 5, or a homolog thereof, or a bioactive variant of the fragment. Preferably, the fragment or peptide is glucose transport promoting.

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO'S: 60-63, or a bioactive variant of the fragment.

The invention also provides a composition comprising at least 1, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 3, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 5, preferably at least 6, preferably at least 7, preferably at least 8, preferably at least 9, or preferably at least 10 bioactive peptides of the invention, each of which comprises a different bioactive fragment of SEQUENCE ID NO: 5 or a homolog thereof. Preferably, the composition comprises a first bioactive peptide comprising a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO 60-63, and a second bioactive peptide comprising a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO 60-63.

Homologs of Rice Protein 3 (SEQUENCE ID NO: 5) include Oryza sativa Japonica Group and Seed Storage Globulin (SEQ ID 79-81).

[SEQUENCE ID NO: 6 (Rice Protein 4—P07728)]

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment of the protein of SEQUENCE ID NO: 6 or a homolog thereof, or a bioactive variant of the fragment.

Preferably, the peptide comprises a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO'S: 64-66, or a bioactive variant of the fragment.

The invention also provides a composition comprising at least 1, preferably at least 2, preferably at least 3, preferably at least 4, preferably at least 5, preferably at least 6, preferably at least 7, preferably at least 8, preferably at least 9, or preferably at least 10 bioactive peptides of the invention, each of which comprises a bioactive fragment of SEQUENCE ID NO: 6 or a homolog thereof. Preferably, the composition comprises a first bioactive peptide comprising a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO 64-66, and a second bioactive peptide comprising a bioactive fragment selected from SEQUENCE ID NO 64-66.

Homologs of Rice Protein 4 (SEQUENCE ID NO: 6) include glutelin (Oryza sativa Japonica Group), Glutelin precursor (zizania latifolia) anmd globulin (avena sativa) (SEQ ID NO: 82-84).

The invention also provides a composition comprising at least one and preferably a plurality of bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention, wherein each of the peptides of the invention comprises a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment of a protein selected from SEQUENCE ID NO: 1 to 6 or a homolog thereof, or a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) variant or fragment thereof.

Typically, the or each bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptide of the invention is selected from, or comprises, a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment selected from, SEQUENCE ID NO: 7-66 and 85-226, or a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) variant or fragment thereof.

The invention also provides a composition comprising at least one and preferably a plurality of peptides of the invention, wherein the or each of the peptides of the invention comprise a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment of a protein selected from SEQUENCE ID NO: 1-2. Typically, the or each peptide of the invention is selected from, or comprises a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment selected from, SEQUENCE ID NO: 7-46, or a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) variant of the fragment. In one embodiment, the composition includes SEQUENCE ID NO'S 7 and 13, and optionally a plurality of peptides selected from SEQUENCE ID NO'S 8 to 12 and 14 to 46. The invention also provides a composition comprising substantially all of the fragments of SEQ ID NO's 7-46, or peptides comprising the fragments, or bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) variants of the fragments

The invention also provides a composition comprising at least one and preferably a plurality of peptides of the invention, wherein the or each of the peptides of the invention comprise a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment of a protein selected from SEQUENCE ID NO: 3-6. Typically, the or each peptide of the invention is selected from, or comprises a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment selected from, SEQUENCE ID NO: 47-66, or a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) variant of the fragment. The invention also provides a composition comprising substantially all of the fragments of SEQ ID NO's 47-66, or peptides comprising the fragments, or bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) variants of the fragments.

Preferably, the composition comprises at least two distinct bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention.

Preferably, the composition comprises at least three distinct bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention.

Preferably, the composition comprises at least four distinct bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention.

Preferably, the composition comprises at least five distinct bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention.

Preferably, the composition comprises at least six distinct bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention.

Preferably, the composition comprises at least seven distinct bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention.

Preferably, the composition comprises at least eight distinct bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention.

Preferably, the composition comprises at least nine distinct bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention.

Preferably, the composition comprises at least ten distinct bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptides of the invention.

In one embodiment, the invention comprises a composition comprising substantially all of fragments SEQUENCE ID NO: 7-66, or peptides containing the fragments, or bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) variants of the fragments, or a mixture of the bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragments and variants.

The invention also relates to a comestible product comprising a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptide or fragment of the invention. Preferably the comestible product is man-made.

The invention also relates to a comestible product comprising a composition of peptides or fragments of the invention. Preferably the comestible product is man-made.

Preferably, the comestible product is a food product for human or animal or cellular consumption.

In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a nutritional supplement. In one embodiment, the comestible product is a sports nutrition product, for example a beverage, snack or supplement. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a beverage. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a bakery product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a dairy product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a snack product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a baked extruded food product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is powdered milk. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is an infant formula product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a confectionary product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a yoghurt. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a yoghurt drink. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is an ice cream product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a frozen food product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a breakfast cereal. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a bread. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a flavoured milk drink. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a confectionary bar. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a tea or tea product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a based extruded snack product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a fried snack product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a nutritional supplement. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a sports nutritional product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a baby food product. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a specialty food product for immunocompromised individuals. In one embodiment the man-made comestible product is a food for geriatric patients.

The invention also relates to a peptide of the invention for use in improving muscle status in a mammal.

The invention also relates to a composition of the invention for use in improving muscle status in a mammal.

The invention also relates to a peptide of the invention for use in promoting recovery of muscle, typically following exercise.

The invention also relates to a composition of the invention for use in promoting recovery of muscle, typically following exercise.

The invention also relates to a peptide of the invention for use in maintaining or restoring muscle health (for example lean tissue mass) in a mammal.

The invention also relates to a composition of peptides of the invention for use in maintaining or restoring muscle health (for example lean tissue mass) in a mammal.

The invention also relates to a peptide of the invention for use in enhancing physical performance.

The invention also relates to a composition of the invention for use in enhancing physical performance.

The invention also relates to a peptide of the invention for use in preventing or treating a metabolic disorder characterised by dysregulated glucose or insulin levels in a mammal. In one embodiment, the disorder is diabetes.

The invention also relates to a composition of the invention for use in preventing or treating a metabolic disorder characterised by dysregulated glucose or insulin levels in a mammal. In one embodiment, the disorder is diabetes.

The invention also relates to a peptide of the invention for use in improving glycaemic management in a mammal.

The invention also relates to a composition of the invention for use in improving glycaemic management in a mammal.

The invention also relates to a peptide of the invention for use in one or more of: reducing plasma glucose levels in mammals; regulating glucose homeostasis; and attenuating insulin resistance.

The invention also relates to a composition of the invention for use in one or more of:

reducing plasma glucose levels in mammals; regulating glucose homeostasis; and attenuating insulin resistance.

The invention also relates to a peptide of the invention for use in treatment or prevention of a disease or condition characterised by lethargy or low energy levels.

The invention also relates to a composition of peptides of the invention for use in treatment or prevention of a disease or condition characterised by lethargy or low energy levels.

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the peptide is a glucose transport promoting peptide.

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a composition of peptides of the invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention also relates to a comestible product, for example a food product comprising a peptide or composition of the invention, for example a dairy or non-dairy product, a solid food or a beverage, a food additive or supplement. The dairy product may be a milk, a cheese, or yoghurt. In one embodiment, the food product is a sports nutritional product. The food product may comprise any amount of the composition of the invention, for example from 0.1% to 30% (w/w).

The peptides of the invention are used in the topical cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition of this invention at cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective concentrations to achieve the desired effect; in a preferred form with regards to the total weight of the composition, between 0.00000001% (in weight) and 20% (in weight); preferably between 0.000001% (in weight) and 15% (in weight), more preferably between 0.0001% (in weight) and 10% (in weight) and even more preferably between 0.0001% (in weight) and 5% (in weight). Ideally, the peptides of the present invention are preferably used from about 0.00001% w/w to about 0.5% w/w [0.1 to 5000 ppm], and more preferably from 0.00005 w/w to about 0.05 w/w [0.5 to 500 ppm], and most preferably from about 0.0001 w/w to about 0.01 w/w of the composition [1 to 100 ppm]. Ideally, the peptides of the present invention are preferably used from about 0.0001% w/w to about 0.004% w/w of the composition.

For compositions of peptides of the invention, a typical daily dosage may be 0.2 g to 100 g. However, when administered as a food for special medicinal purpose, or medical food, the daily dosage may be 50-500 g per day.

The dosage of compositions of the invention for use in food products and food supplements (i.e. comestible compositions) will be broadly in the 0.2-100 g/day range. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is 1-10 g/day, ideally about 3-8 g/day. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is 10-20 g/day. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is 20-30 g/day. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is 30-40 g/day. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is 10-100 g/day. In one embodiment, the daily dosage is about 5 g/day, ideally about 3-8 g/day. In one embodiment, the dosage is 2-1000 mg/day/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage is 10-500 mg/day/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage is 10-100 mg/day/kg body weight. In one embodiment, the dosage is 30-70 mg/day/kg body weight. The dosage of peptides of the invention for food supplements may be 0.00001 mg-0.01 mg per day or dose.

The food product may be a Food for Specific Medicinal Purposes (FSMP) which is defined as foods that are specifically formulated, processed and intended for the dietary management of diseases, disorders or medical conditions of individuals who are being treated under medical supervision. These foods are intended for the exclusive or partial feeding of people whose nutritional requirements cannot be met by normal foods.

The invention also provides topical composition comprising a peptide of the invention. It will be appreciated that the topical composition may comprise a plurality of peptides, fragments and/or variants. In one embodiment, the topical composition comprises substantially all the peptides. In one embodiment, the topical composition comprises substantially all the variants. The topical composition of the invention may be presented in a formulation selected from the group comprising creams, multiple emulsions, anhydrous compositions, aqueous dispersions, oils, milks, balsams, foams, lotions, gels, cream gels, hydro-alcoholic solutions, hydro-glycolic solutions, cosmetic, personal care product, hydrogels, liniments, sera, soaps, dusting powder, paste, semi solid formulations, liniments, serums, shampoo, conditioner, ointments, any rinse off formulation, talc, mousses, powders, sprays, aerosols, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs, polysaccharide films, patches, gel patches, bandages, an adhesive system, water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, and silicone emulsions. In an embodiment of the current invention, the emulsion contains a lipid or oil. The emulsion may be, but is not limited to, oil-in-water, water-in-oil, water-in-oil-in-water and oil-in-water-in-silcone emulsions. The emulsion may contain a humectant. The emulsion may contain an anti-foaming agent, such as silicone. The emulsion may have any suitable viscosity. Emulsions may further contain an emulsifier and/or an anti-foaming agent. Methods of preparing an emulsion are known to a person skilled in the art.

The topical composition of the invention may be incorporated into a medical device for administration. Such a device can include but is not limited to a fabric, patch, bandage, gauge, sock, tight, underwear, dressing, glove, mask, adhesive patches, non-adhesive patches, occlusive patches and microelectric patches or suitable adhesive system. In such an embodiment, the device is in direct contact with the keratinous layer such as the skin, thus releasing the peptides of the invention. It will be understood that the topical composition may be incorporated in any suitable form as detailed herein. For example, the topical composition or peptides of the invention can be incorporated into the device or be present on the surface of the device or can be in a cream, gel or wax formulation or any suitable formulation defined herein and incorporated into the device or on the surface of the device. The device may be adapted for adhesion or attachment to the skin.

In one embodiment the device is adapted to release a constant quantity of the composition or the peptides of the invention. It will be understood that the amount of the composition contained in the sustained release system will depend, for example, on where the composition is to be administered, the kinetics and duration of the release of the composition of the invention, as well as the nature of the condition, disorder and/or disease to be treated and/or cared for. The device may be such that the composition is released by biodegradation of the device, or by friction between the device and the body, due to bodily moisture, the skin's pH or body temperature.

In an embodiment of the invention the topical composition may further comprise at least one cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Excipient may be used interchangeably with functional ingredient or additive. It will be understood that although the topical compositions of the current invention can be administered alone, they will generally be administered in admixture with a cosmetic or pharmaceutical excipient. Cosmetically or pharmaceutically acceptable excipient are well known in the art and any known excipient, may be used provided that it is suitable for topical administration and is dermatologically acceptable without undue toxicity, incompatibility and/or allergic reaction.

Preferably any excipient included is present in trace amounts. The amount of excipient included will depend on numerous factors, including the type of excipient used, the nature of the excipient, the component(s) of the topical composition, the amount of active or peptide in the topical composition and/or the intended use of the topical composition. The nature and amount of any excipient should not unacceptably alter the benefits of the peptides of this invention.

In an embodiment of the invention the excipient may be a suitable diluent, carrier, binder, lubricant, suspending agent, coating agent, preservative, stabilisers, dyes, vehicle, solubilising agent, base, emollient, emulsifying agent, fragrance, humectant, and/or surfactants.

Examples of suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, any diluent disclosed in disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667. Examples include ethanol, glycerol and water.

Examples of suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, lactose, starch, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sorbitol and any suitable carrier disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

Examples of suitable binders include, but are not limited to, starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose, anhydrous lactose, free-flow lactose, beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol and any suitable binder disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

Examples of suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, and sodium chloride and any suitable lubricant disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

The carrier may be any suitable carried known in the art or disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667. In some embodiments, the carrier may include, but is not limited to, a liquid, such as water, oils or surfactants, including those of petroleum, animal, plant or synthetic origin, polymer, oil, such as peanut oil, mineral oil, castor oil, soybean oil, alcohol, polysorbates, sorbitan esters, ether sulfates, sulfates, betaines, glycosides, maltosides, fatty alcohols, nonoxynols, poloxamers, polyoxyethylenes, polyethylene glycols, dextrose, glycerol, or digitonin. It will be understood that the carrier will be dermatologically acceptable. Preferred carriers contain an emulsion such as oil-in-water, water-in-oil, water-in-oil-in-water and oil-in-water-in-silicone emulsions. Emulsions may further contain an emulsifier and/or an anti-foaming agent.

In an embodiment of the invention, the topical composition may further comprise one or more additional ingredients. The topical composition of the invention may be administered consecutively, simultaneously or sequentially with the one or more other additional agents. Such additional ingredients may be those of benefit to include in a topical composition, or of benefit depending on the intended use of the topical composition. The additional ingredient may be active or functional or both.

Examples of such additional ingredients include, but are not limited to, one or more of cleaning agents, conditioning agents, sunscreen, pigment, moisturiser, thickening agents, gelling agents, essential oil, astringents, pigments, anti-Caking agent, anti-foaming agent, binders, additives, buffers, chelating agents, external analgesics, film formers or materials, bulking agents, polymers, opacifying agents, pH adjusters, propellants, reducing agents, sequestrants, skin bleaching and lightening agents, skin conditioning agents, aloe vera, healing agents, soothing agents, smoothing agents, pantothenic acid, treating agents, thickeners, vitamins. colourants, pharmaceuticals, antiseptic agents, antifoaming agents, buffering agents, astringents, polymers, pH adjuster, deodorant or any other dermatologically acceptable carrier or surfactant.

It is to be understood that additional ingredients listed may provide more than one benefit. The classification given herein is for clarity and convenience only and not intended to limit the additional ingredient to that particular application or category listed.

Any additional ingredients should be suitable for application to the skin without undue toxicity, incompatibility and/or allergic reaction.

In some embodiments, the additional ingredient has glucose transport activity or aids glucose transport activity. In some embodiments, the additional ingredient has anti-inflammatory activity or aids anti-inflammatory activity. In some embodiments, the additional ingredient has anti-aging activity or aids anti-aging activity. In some embodiments, the additional ingredient is for keratinous layer health and/or development, skin health and/or development, and/or muscle health, recovery and/or development. The active agent may be a pharmacological enhancer. Such active agents are known and available on the market. In such cases, the topical composition of the invention may be administered consecutively, simultaneously or sequentially with the one or more other active agents.

In some embodiments, the additional ingredient may be farnesol ([2E, 6E], −3, 7, 11,-trimethyl-2, 6, 10, dodecatrien-1-ol), phytantriol (3, 7, 11, 15, tetramethylhexadecane-1, 2, 3, -triol), desquamation actives, enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme activators, botanical extracts and marine extracts, anti-acne actives, anti-wrinkle or anti atrophy actives, anti-oxidant/radical scavengers, chelators, flavonoids, anti-inflammatory agents, anti-Cellulite agents, topical anaesthetics, tanning actives, skin lightening agents, skin healing agents, bisabolol, antimicrobial or antifungal active, sunscreen actives, particulate material, conditioning agents, structuring agents, thickening agent,

The desquamation active may be any suitable agent that enhances the skin appearance or texture of the skin and is as disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

Examples of anti-acne actives are as disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667 and include, resorcinol, salicylic acid, erythromycin, zine, sulfur, benzoyl peroxides.

Examples of thickening agents are as disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667 and include carboxylic acid polymers, crosslinked polyacrylate polymers, polyacrylamide polymers, polysaccharides.

Examples of conditioning agents are as disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667 and include humectants, moisturiser or skin conditioner.

Examples of structuring agents are as disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667 and include any agent that provide rheological characteristics to the composition and contributes to the stability of the composition.

Any suitable antimicrobial or antifungal active may be used and examples are as disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667. Such actives are capable of destroying microbes, preventing growth or action of microbes. Examples include but are not limited to β-lactam drugs, quinolone drugs, tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin sulfate, salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide.

Examples of a particulate material include metallic oxide. Examples of anti-Cellulite agents include xanthine agents. Examples of tanning actives includes 1, 3-dihydroxy-2-propanone and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667. Examples of topical anaesthetics include benzocaine, lidocaine and bupivacaine and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

Examples of skin lightening agents include any agent known in the art such as kojic acid, ascorbic acid and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

Examples of sunscreen actives include any suitable organic or inorganic sunscreen active.

Examples include metallic oxides, 2-ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

Examples of skin healing agents includes panthenoic acid as disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

Examples of anti-inflammatory agents include any agent that enhances the skin appearance, tone or colour and include but are not limited to corticosteroids, hydrocortisone, non-steroidal agents such as ibuprofen and aspirin and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

Examples of flavonoids includes flavanones, methoxy flavonones, unsubstituted chalcone and mixtures thereof and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667.

Examples of enzymes include lipases, proteases, catalase, super oxide-dismutase, amylase, peroxidase, glucuronidase, ceramidases, hyaluronidases. Examples of enzyme inhibitors include trypsine inhibitors, Bowmann Birk inhibitors, chymotrypsin inhibitors, botanical extracts, flavonoids, quercetin chalcone and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667 and mixtures thereof. Examples of enzyme activators include coenzyme A, Q10 (ubiquinone), glycyrrhizin, berberine, chrysin and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667 and mixtures thereof

Examples of anti-wrinkle or anti atrophy actives include sulfur containing D and L amino acids, particular, N-acyl derivatives such as N-acetyl-L-Cysteine, hydroxyl acids, phytic acid, lipoic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, skin peel agents, vitamin B3, retinoids and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667 and mixtures thereof.

The anti-oxidant/radical scavenger agent may be any agent that is useful for providing protection against UV radiation or other environmental agents which may cause skin damage such as those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667. Examples of anti-oxidant/radical scavengers include ascorbic acid, its salts and derivatives (vitamin C), tocopherol its salts and derivatives (vitamin E), butylated hydroxyl benzoic acids and their salts, peroxides, gallic acids and alkyl esters, sorbic acid, lipoic acid, amines, lycine pidolate, arginine pilolate, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, bioflavonoids, curcumin, lysine, methionine, proline, superoxide dismutase, silymarin, tea extracts and mixtures thereof.

Examples of chelators include EDTA, NTA, hydoxamic acids, phytic acid, lactoferrin and those disclosed in US2014120131 or US2004132667 and mixtures thereof. A chelator means an agent capable of removing a metal ion by forming a complex so that the metal ion cannot participate in or catalyse chemical reactions. A chelator is useful for protection against UV radiation or other environmental agents that can cause skin damage.

It will be appreciated that a plurality of additional ingredients may be added. The amount of the additional ingredient may be from about 0.001% to about 50% weight of the composition, preferably, about 0.01% to about 20%, preferably about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, preferably 2% weight of the composition. The amount of additional ingredient included will depend on numerous factors, including the type of additional ingredient used, the nature of the additional ingredient, the component(s) of the topical composition, the amount of active or peptide in the topical composition and/or the intended use of the topical composition. The nature and amount of any additional ingredient should not unacceptably alter the benefits of the peptides of this invention.

The topical composition may be alcohol free.

In some embodiments of the invention, the composition further comprises one or more additional active agents, in addition to the peptide of the invention (also known as the active of the composition). In addition, or alternatively, the composition may be administered with one or more other additional active agents. Typical said additional active agent is present in trace amounts only. In some embodiments, there may be no additional active agent present in the composition. The amount of additional active agent included will depend on numerous factors, including the type of additional active agent used, the nature of the additional active agent, the component(s) of the topical composition, the amount of active or peptide in the topical composition and/or the intended use of the topical composition. The nature and amount of any additional active agent should not unacceptably alter the benefits of the peptides of this invention.

It is to be understood that an ingredient that is considered to be an “active” ingredient in one product may be a “functional” or “excipient” ingredient in another and vice versa. It will also be appreciated that some ingredients play a dual role as both an active ingredient and as a functional or excipient ingredient.

Examples of the additional active agents include glucose transport promoting drugs, skin supplement, agent for treatment and/or care of the skin, anti-inflammatory agent, an anti-aging agent, a cellular growth promoting agent and pharmacological enhancers. Such agents are well known in the art and it will be appreciated that any suitable additional active agent may be used. Additional active agents for treatment and/or care of the skin may include collagen synthesis agents, retinoids, exfoliating agents, anti-Cellulite agents, elastase inhibiting agents, melanin synthesis stimulating or inhibiting agents, self-tanning agents, antiaging agents, antimicrobial agents, antifungal agents, fungistatic agents, bactericidal agents, and healing agents. Active agents also include anti-inflammatory agents.

Any additional active agent should be suitable for application to the skin without undue toxicity, incompatibility and/or allergic reaction.

It will be understood that the classification given herein is for clarity and convenience only and not intended to limit the additional ingredient, excipient, or active to that particular application or category listed.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the methods and uses of the invention involve administration of a peptide or composition of the invention in combination with one or more other active agents, for example, existing growth promoting drugs or pharmacological enhancers available on the market. In such cases, the compounds of the invention may be administered consecutively, simultaneously or sequentially with the one or more other active agents.

The effect of the current invention is accomplished by topical application or administration of the topical composition of the invention described herein to a person, animal or a patient in need of treatment or care. Topical delivery preferably means delivery to a keratinous layer such as the skin, hair and/or nails, but can also mean delivery to a body lumen lined with epithelial cells, for example the lungs or airways, the gastrointestinal tract, the buccal cavity. The effect may be confined to the surface of the skin or may be within the skin or a combination of both.

The topical composition of the invention is administered in a cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective amount. In other words, in an amount that is non-toxic but sufficient amount to provide the desired effect. It will be appreciated that a person skilled in the art would be capable of determining an appropriate dose of the topical compositions of the invention to administer without undue experimentation. Alternatively, a physician will determine the actual dose that is most suitable for a patient depending on the particular condition, disease or disorder to be treated or cared for and the age, body weight and/or health of the person. It will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the individual undergoing therapy. There can, of course, be individual instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention. For example, the composition may be administered at a dose of from 0.01 to 50 mg/kg body weight, such as from 0.1 to 30 mg/kg, more preferably from 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg body weight, preferably 0.1 to 5 mg/kg body weight. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more doses of 10 to 300 mg/day or more preferably, 10 to 150 mg/day, will be administered to the patient. The amount and the frequency is as best suited to the purpose. The frequency of application or administration can vary greatly, depending on the needs of each subject, with a recommendation of an application or administration range from once a month to ten times a day, preferably from once a week to four times a day, more preferably from three times a week to three times a day, even more preferably once or twice a day.

In preferred embodiments, repeated use of the topical composition is provided. The topical composition may be applied by, but not limited to, rubbing, or massaging into the keratinous tissue, skin or area of the body to be treated or cared for. In some embodiments, the composition is left on or not removed from the area of the body. In other embodiments, the composition is removed after a period of time, such as, but not limited to, from about 2 minutes to 60 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes, preferably from about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes. The composition may be removed immediately after application. In some embodiments of the current invention, the composition of the invention may be applied to an area to be treated by means to achieve a greater penetration of the composition and/or peptide of the invention, such as, but not limited to, iontophoresis, sonophoresis, electroporation, microelectric patches, mechanical pressure, osmotic pressure gradient, occlusive cure, microinjections or needle-free injections by means of pressure, such as injections by oxygen pressure, or any combination thereof.

The peptides of the invention are used in the topical cosmetic or pharmaceutical composition of this invention at cosmetically or pharmaceutically effective concentrations to achieve the desired effect; in a preferred form with regards to the total weight of the composition, between 0.00000001% (in weight) and 20% (in weight); preferably between 0.000001% (in weight) and 15% (in weight), more preferably between 0.0001% (in weight) and 10% (in weight) and even more preferably between 0.0001% (in weight) and 5% (in weight).

In some embodiments of the current invention, the composition may be delivered via any one of liposomes, mixed liposomes, oleosomes, niosomes, ethosomes, millicapsules, capsules, macrocapsules, nanocapsules, nanostructured lipid carriers, sponges, cyclodextrins, vesicles, micelles, mixed micelles of surfactants, surfactant-phospholipid mixed micelles, millispheres, spheres, lipospheres, particles, nanospheres, nanoparticles, milliparticles, solid nanopartciles as well as microemulsions including water-in-oil microemulsions with an internal structure of reverse micelle and nanoemulsions microspheres, microparticles.

A variety of methods are available for preparing liposomes. See, e.g., Szoka et al., Ann. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 9:467 (1980), U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, 4,946,787, PCT Publication No. WO 91/17424, Deamer & Bangham, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 443:629-634 (1976); Fraley, et al., PNAS 76:3348-3352 (1979); Hope et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 812:55-65 (1985); Mayer et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 858:161-168 (1986); Williams et al., PNAS 85:242-246 (1988); Liposomes (Ostro (ed.), 1983, Chapter 1); Hope et al., Chem. Phys. Lip. 40:89 (1986); Gregoriadis, Liposome Technology (1984) and Lasic, Liposomes: from Physics to Applications (1993)). Suitable methods include, for example, sonication, extrusion, high pressure/homogenization, microfluidization, detergent dialysis, calcium-induced fusion of small liposome vehicles and ether fusion methods, all of which are well known in the art.

These delivery systems may be adapted to achieve a greater penetration of the compound and/or peptides of the invention. This may improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties. The delivery system may be a sustained release system wherein the compound or peptide of the invention is gradually released during a period of time and preferably with a constant release rate over a period of time. The delivery systems are prepared by methods known in the art. The amount of peptide contained in the sustained release system will depend on where the composition is to be delivered and the duration of the release as well as the type of the condition, disease and/or disorder to be treated or cared for.

The topical composition of the invention may be for human or animal usage in human and veterinary medicine.

The topical composition of the invention may be used for pharmaceutical, personal care and/or cosmetic uses.

The composition can be used to treat or care for any disease, disorder or condition of the skin, including but not limited to, psoriasis, dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, eczema, spongiosis, edema, skin cancer, ulcers, acne, scars, cellulitis, elastosis, keratosis, rosacea, varicose veins, inflammatory disorders.

The topical composition may be used to for treating or caring for visible signs of aging including but not limited to wrinkles, stretch marks and dark circles, dryness, fine lines, age spots, red blotches, sagging skin, and conditions caused by sun exposure including sunburn, stress, pollution and/diet. The topical composition may also be used for delaying, slowing or inhibiting the skins or the onset of aging. The composition may be administered by a medical device, such as a plaster or a patch as described herein.

The topical composition may be used to treat or care for a wound in a mammal. In another embodiment, the topical composition is for use in the treatment or prevention of a disease or condition characterised by damaged epithelial cells or tissue, and/or damaged dermal or epithelial cells or tissue. The disease may be but is not limited to cancer and trauma.

The topical composition may be used to treat or care for any muscle condition, to improve, muscle status in a mammal, to promote recovery of muscle, typically following exercise, to maintain or restore muscle health (for example lean tissue mass) in a mammal, to enhance physical performance, in treatment or prevention of a disease or condition characterised by lethargy or low energy levels.

The topical composition may be used to promote growth of a tissue, promote growth of epithelial tissue, promote growth of skin, promote growth of an organ, promote growth of an organism. The skin can have a normal pathology and/or an abnormal pathology.

The topical composition may also be used to treat or care for any inflammatory disorder.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide of the invention or a composition of peptides of the invention, admixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, excipients or carriers. Even though the peptides and compositions of the present invention can be administered alone, they will generally be administered in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent, particularly for human therapy. The pharmaceutical compositions may be for human or animal usage in human and veterinary medicine. Examples of such suitable excipients for the various different forms of pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be found in the “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2nd Edition, (1994), Edited by A Wade and P J Weller. In particular, formulations for topical delivery are described in Topical drug delivery formulations edited by David Osborne and Antonio Aman, Taylor & Francis, the complete contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Acceptable carriers or diluents for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985).

Examples of suitable carriers include lactose, starch, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like. Examples of suitable diluents include ethanol, glycerol and water. The choice of pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent can be selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. The pharmaceutical compositions may comprise as, or in addition to, the carrier, excipient or diluent any suitable binder(s), lubricant(s), suspending agent(s), coating agent(s), solubilising agent(s). Examples of suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose, anhydrous lactose, free-flow lactose, beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol. Examples of suitable lubricants include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and even flavouring agents may be provided in the pharmaceutical composition. Examples of preservatives include sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p hydroxybenzoic acid. Antioxidants and suspending agents may be also used.

The peptide or composition of the invention may be adapted for topical, oral, rectal, parenteral, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intra-arterial, intrabronchial, subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, nasal, vaginal, buccal or sublingual routes of administration. For oral administration, particular use is made of compressed tablets, pills, tablets, gellules, drops, and capsules. Preferably, these compositions contain from 1 to 250 mg and more preferably from 10-100 mg, of active ingredient per dose. Other forms of administration comprise solutions or emulsions which may be injected intravenously, intra-arterial, subcutaneously, intradermally, intraperitoneally or intramuscularly, and which are prepared from sterile or sterilisable solutions. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also be in form of suppositories, vaginal rings, pessaries, suspensions, emulsions, lotions, ointments, creams, gels, sprays, solutions or dusting powders. The composition of the invention may be formulated for topical delivery. Topical delivery generally means delivery to the skin, but can also mean delivery to a body lumen lined with epithelial cells, for example the lungs or airways, the gastrointestinal tract, the buccal cavity. In particular, formulations for topical delivery are described in Topical drug delivery formulations edited by David Osborne and Antonio Aman, Taylor & Francis, the complete contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Compositions or formulations for delivery to the airways are described in O'Riordan et al (Respir Care, 2002, Nov. 47), EP2050437, WO2005023290, US2010098660, and US20070053845. Composition and formulations for delivering active agents to the iluem, especially the proximal iluem, include microparticles and microencapsulates where the active agent is encapsulated within a protecting matrix formed of polymer or dairy protein that is acid resistant but prone to dissolution in the more alkaline environment of the ileum. Examples of such delivery systems are described in EP1072600.2 and EP13171757.1. An alternative means of transdermal administration is by use of a skin patch. For example, the active ingredient can be incorporated into a cream consisting of an aqueous emulsion of polyethylene glycols or liquid paraffin. The active ingredient can also be incorporated, at a concentration of between 1 and 10% by weight, into an ointment consisting of a white wax or white soft paraffin base together with such stabilisers and preservatives as may be required.

Injectable forms may contain between 10-1000 mg, preferably between 10-250 mg, of active ingredient per dose.

Compositions may be formulated in unit dosage form, i.e., in the form of discrete portions containing a unit dose, or a multiple or sub-unit of a unit dose.

A person of ordinary skill in the art can easily determine an appropriate dose of one of the instant compositions to administer to a subject without undue experimentation. Typically, a physician will determine the actual dosage which will be most suitable for an individual patient and it will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the individual undergoing therapy. The dosages disclosed herein are exemplary of the average case. There can of course be individual instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention. Depending upon the need, the agent may be administered at a dose of from 0.01 to 30 mg/kg body weight, such as from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, more preferably from 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body weight. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more doses of 10 to 300 mg/day or more preferably, 10 to 150 mg/day, will be administered to the patient for the treatment of an inflammatory disorder.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the methods and uses of the invention involve administration of a peptide or composition of the invention in combination with one or more other active agents, for example, existing anti-inflammatory drugs or pharmacological enhancers available on the market. In such cases, the compounds of the invention may be administered consecutively, simultaneously or sequentially with the one or more other active agents.

In one embodiment of the invention, the peptide of the invention may be administered in the form of a conjugate comprising the peptide, and may optionally include a linker, and a partner molecule, for example a protein such as an antibody molecule intended to increase the half-life of the conjugate in-vivo. In one embodiment, the peptide may be modified to substitute one or more amino acids with amino acids employed to attach partner molecules. For example, an amino acid may be substituted with a lysine residue for the purpose of conjugating a partner molecule such as a PEG molecule.

Definitions

All publications, patents, patent applications and other references mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties for all purposes as if each individual publication, patent or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and the content thereof recited in full.

Where used herein and unless specifically indicated otherwise, the following terms are intended to have the following meanings in addition to any broader (or narrower) meanings the terms might enjoy in the art:

Unless otherwise required by context, the use herein of the singular is to be read to include the plural and vice versa. The term “a” or “an” used in relation to an entity is to be read to refer to one or more of that entity. As such, the terms “a” (or “an”), “one or more,” and “at least one” are used interchangeably herein.

As used herein, the term “comprise,” or variations thereof such as “comprises” or “comprising,” are to be read to indicate the inclusion of any recited integer (e.g. a feature, element, characteristic, property, method/process step or limitation) or group of integers (e.g. features, element, characteristics, properties, method/process steps or limitations) but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. Thus, as used herein the term “comprising” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited integers or method/process steps.

As used herein, the term “disease” is used to define any abnormal condition that impairs physiological function and is associated with specific symptoms. The term is used broadly to encompass any disorder, illness, abnormality, pathology, sickness, condition or syndrome in which physiological function is impaired irrespective of the nature of the aetiology (or indeed whether the aetiological basis for the disease is established). It therefore encompasses conditions arising from infection, trauma, injury, surgery, radiological ablation, poisoning or nutritional deficiencies.

As used herein, the term “treatment” or “treating” refers to an intervention (e.g. the administration of an agent to a subject) which cures, ameliorates or lessens the symptoms of a disease or removes (or lessens the impact of) its cause(s) (for example, the reduction in accumulation of pathological levels of lysosomal enzymes). In this case, the term is used synonymously with the term “therapy”.

Additionally, the terms “treatment” or “treating” refers to an intervention (e.g. the administration of an agent to a subject) which prevents or delays the onset or progression of a disease or reduces (or eradicates) its incidence within a treated population. In this case, the term treatment is used synonymously with the term “prophylaxis”.

As used herein, an effective amount or a therapeutically effective amount of an agent defines an amount that can be administered to a subject without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, but one that is sufficient to provide the desired effect, e.g. the treatment or prophylaxis manifested by a permanent or temporary improvement in the subject's condition. The amount will vary from subject to subject, depending on the age and general condition of the individual, mode of administration and other factors. Thus, while it is not possible to specify an exact effective amount, those skilled in the art will be able to determine an appropriate “effective” amount in any individual case using routine experimentation and background general knowledge. A therapeutic result in this context includes eradication or lessening of symptoms, reduced pain or discomfort, prolonged survival, improved mobility and other markers of clinical improvement. A therapeutic result need not be a complete cure.

The term “human or animal” should be understood to include humans, mammals and other non-mammalian animals such as fish. The human may be an infant, toddler, child, adolescent, adult, or elderly human. In one embodiment of the invention, the human is an elderly person, for example aged 55 or more. In one embodiment, the human is an elderly person experiencing deterioration of lean tissue mass. In one embodiment, the human is a sportsperson. In one embodiment, the human is pregnant woman. In one embodiment, the human is suffering from lethargy or perceived lack of energy.

The term “peptide” used herein refers to a polymer composed of 5 to 50 amino acid monomers typically via peptide bond linkage. Peptides (including fragments and variants thereof) of and for use in the invention may be generated wholly or partly by chemical synthesis or by expression from nucleic acid. For example, the peptides of and for use in the present invention can be readily prepared according to well-established, standard liquid or, preferably, solid-phase peptide synthesis methods known in the art (see, for example, J. M. Stewart and J. D. Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd edition, Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill. (1984), in M. Bodanzsky and A. Bodanzsky, The Practice of Peptide Synthesis, Springer Verlag, New York (1984). When necessary, any of the peptides employed in the invention can be chemically modified to increase their stability. A chemically modified peptide or a peptide analog includes any functional chemical equivalent of the peptide characterized by its increased stability and/or efficacy in vivo or in vitro in respect of the practice of the invention. The term peptide analog also refers to any amino acid derivative of a peptide as described herein. A peptide analog can be produced by procedures that include, but are not limited to, modifications to side chains, incorporation of unnatural amino acids and/or their derivatives during peptide synthesis and the use of cross-linkers and other methods that impose conformational constraint on the peptides or their analogs. Examples of side chain modifications include modification of amino groups, such as by reductive alkylation by reaction with an aldehyde followed by reduction with NaBH₄; amidation with methylacetimidate; acetylation with acetic anhydride; carbamylation of amino groups with cyanate; trinitrobenzylation of amino groups with 2, 4, 6, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS); alkylation of amino groups with succinic anhydride and tetrahydrophthalic anhydride; and pyridoxylation of lysine with pyridoxa-5′-phosphate followed by reduction with NABH₄. The guanidino group of arginine residues may be modified by the formation of heterocyclic condensation products with reagents such as 2,3-butanedione, phenylglyoxal and glyoxal. The carboxyl group may be modified by carbodiimide activation via o-acylisourea formation followed by subsequent derivatization, for example, to a corresponding amide. Sulfhydryl groups may be modified by methods, such as carboxymethylation with iodoacetic acid or iodoacetamide; performic acid oxidation to cysteic acid; formation of mixed disulphides with other thiol compounds; reaction with maleimide; maleic anhydride or other substituted maleimide; formation of mercurial derivatives using 4-Chloromercuribenzoate, 4-Chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, phenylmercury chloride, 2-Chloromercuric-4-nitrophenol and other mercurials; carbamylation with cyanate at alkaline pH. Tryptophan residues may be modified by, for example, oxidation with N-bromosuccinimide or alkylation of the indole ring with 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide or sulphonyl halides. Tryosine residues may be altered by nitration with tetranitromethane to form a 3-nitrotyrosine derivative. Modification of the imidazole ring of a histidine residue may be accomplished by alkylation with iodoacetic acid derivatives or N-carbethoxylation with diethylpyrocarbonate. Examples of incorporating unnatural amino acids and derivatives during peptide synthesis include, but are not limited to, use of norleucine, 4-amino butyric acid, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-5-phenylpentanoic acid, 6-aminohexanoic acid, t-butylglycine, norvaline, phenylglycine, ornithine, sarcosine, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-6-methylheptanoic acid, 2-thienyl alanine and/or D-isomers of amino acids. Peptide structure modification includes the generation of retro-inverso peptides comprising the reversed sequence encoded by D-amino acids.

“Modified peptide”: In an embodiment of the invention the peptide is a modified peptide. The term modified peptide is used interchangeably with the term derivative of the peptide. The modified peptide includes a peptide which has been substituted with one or more groups as defined herein. The modification may be any modified that provides the peptides and or the composition of the invention with an increased ability to penetrate a cell. The modification may be any modification that increases the half-life of the composition or peptides of the invention. In one embodiment, the group is a protecting group. The protecting group may be an N-terminal protecting group, a C-terminal protecting group or a side-Chain protecting group. The peptide may have one or more of these protecting groups. The person skilled in the art is aware of suitable techniques to react amino acids with these protecting groups. These groups can be added by preparation methods known in the art, for example the methods as outlined in paragraphs [0104] to [0107] of US2014120141. The groups may remain on the peptide or may be removed. The protecting group may be added during synthesis. In an embodiment of the invention the peptides may be substituted with a group selected from one or more straight chain or branched chain, long or short chain, saturated, or unsaturated, substituted with a hydroxyl, amino, amino acyl, sulfate or sulphide group or unsubstituted having from 1 to 29 carbon atoms. N-acyl derivatives include acyl groups derived from acetic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, octanoic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, lipoic acid, oleic acid, isosteric acid, elaidoic acid, 2-ethylhexaneic acid, coconut oil fatty acid, tallow fatty acid, hardened tallow fatty acid, palm kernel fatty acid, lanolin fatty acid or similar acids. These may be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted they are preferably substituted with hydroxyl, or sulphur containing groups such as but not limited to SO₃H, SH, or S—S. In an embodiment of the current invention, the peptide is R₁—X—R₂. R₁ and/or R₂ groups respectively bound to the amino-terminal (N-terminal) and carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) of the peptide sequence. In one embodiment, the peptide is R₁—X. Alternatively, the peptide is X—R₂. Preferably, R₁ is H, C₁₋₄ alkyl, acetyl, benzoyl or trifluoroacetyl; X is the peptide of the invention; R₂ is OH or NH₂. In an embodiment, R₁ is selected from the group formed by H, a non-Cyclic substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, substituted or unsubstituted alicyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, Tert-butyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and R₅—CO—, wherein R₅ is selected from the group formed by H, a non-Cyclic substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, substituted or unsubstituted alicyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl and substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl; R₂ is selected from the group formed by —NR₃R₄, —OR₃ and —SR₃, wherein R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from the group formed by H, a non-Cyclic substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic group, substituted or unsubstituted alicyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl; and with the condition that R₁ and R₂ are not a-amino acids. In accordance with another preferred embodiment, R₂ is —NR₃R₄, —OR 3 or —SR 3 wherein R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from the group formed by H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, Tert-butyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₄ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₂₄ cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₈-C₂₄ cycloalkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₃₀ aryl, substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₂₄ aralkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl ring of 3-10 members, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl of 2 to 24 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 atoms other than carbon wherein the alkyl chain is of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Optionally, R₃ and R₄ can be bound by a saturated or unsaturated carbon-Carbon bond, forming a cycle with the nitrogen atom. More preferably R₂ is —NR₃R₄ or —OR₃, wherein R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from the group formed by H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₄ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₄ alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₁₅ aryl and substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl of 3-10 members, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl with a ring of 3 to 10 members and an alkyl chain of 1 to 6 carbon atoms. More preferably R₃ and R₄ are selected from the group formed by H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl, or hexadecyl. Even more preferably R₃ is H and R₄ is selected from the group formed by H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl, or hexadecyl. In accordance with an even more preferred embodiment, R₂ is selected from —OH and —NH₂. In accordance with another embodiment of this invention R₁ is selected from the group formed by H, acetyl, lauroyl, myristoyl or palmitoyl, and R₂ is —NR₃R₄ or —OR₃ wherein R₃ and R₄ are independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, hexyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl, preferably R₂ is —OH or —NH₂. More preferably, R₁ is acetyl or palmitoyl and R₂ is —NH₂. In a preferred embodiment, the acyl group is bound to the N-terminal end of at least one amino acid of the peptide. In an embodiment of the invention, the peptide is modified to comprise a side chain protecting group. The side chain protecting group may be one or more of the group comprising benzyl or benzyl based groups, t-butyl-based groups, benzyloxy-Carbonyl (Z) group, and allyloxycarbonyl (alloc) protecting group. The side chain protecting group may be derived from an achiral amino acid such as achiral glycine. The use of an achiral amino acid helps to stabilise the resultant peptide and also facilitate the facile synthesis route of the present invention. Preferably, the peptide further comprises a modified C-terminus, preferably an amidated C-terminus. The achiral residue may be alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (methylalaine). It will be appreciated that the specific side chain protecting groups used will depend on the sequence of the peptide and the type of N-terminal protecting group used.

“Conjugate”: In one embodiment of the invention the peptide is conjugated, linked or fused to a binding partner, for example one or more polyethylene glycol polymers or other compounds, such as molecular weight increasing compounds or lipophilic groups. The molecular weight increasing compound is any compound that will increase the molecular weight, typically by 10% to 90%, or 20% to 50% of the resulting conjugate and may have a molecular weight of between 200 and 20,000, preferably between 500 and 10,000. The molecular weight increasing compound may be PEG, any water-soluble(amphiphilic or hydrophilic) polymer moiety, homo or co-polymers of PEG, a monomethyl-substituted polymer of PEG (mPEG) and polyoxyethylene glycerol (POG), polyamino acids such as poly-lysine, poly-glutamic acid, poly-aspartic acid, particular those of L conformation, pharmacologically inactive proteins such as albumin, gelatin, a fatty acid, olysaccharide, a lipid amino acid and dextran. The polymer moiety may be straight chained or branched and it may have a molecular weight of 500 to 40000 Da, 5000 to 10000 Da, 10000 to 5000, Da. The compound (binding partner) may be any suitable cell penetrating compound, such as tat peptide, penetratin, pep-1. The compound (binding partner) may be an antibody molecule. The compound (binding partner) may be a lipophilic moiety or a polymeric moiety. The lipophilic substituent and polymeric substituents are known in the art. The lipophilic substituent includes an acyl group, a sulphonyl group, an N atom, an O atom or an S atom which forms part of the ester, sulphonyl ester, thioester, amide or sulphonamide. The lipophilic moiety may include a hydrocarbon chain having 4 to 30 C atoms, preferably between 8 and 12 C atoms. It may be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated. The hydrocarbon chain may be further substituted. It may be cycloalkane or heterocycloalkane. The peptide may be modified at the N-terminal, C-terminal or both. The polymer or compound (binding partner) is preferably linked to an amino, carboxyl or thio group and may be linked by N-termini or C-termini of side chains of any amino acid residue. The polymer or compound (binding partner) may be conjugated to the side chain of any suitable residue. The polymer or compound (binding partner) may be conjugated via a spacer. The spacer may be a natural or unnatural amino acid, succinic acid, lysyl, glutamyl, asparagyl, glycyl, beta-alanyl, gamma-amino butanoyl. The polymer or compound (binding partner) may be conjugated via an ester, a sulphonyl ester, a thioester, an amide, a carbamate, a urea, a sulphonamide. A person skilled in the art is aware of suitable means to prepare the described conjugate.

The term “natural” as applied to a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) peptide means a peptide that includes (a) a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment of a plant protein, typically rice or pea protein, or variants of pea protein including lentil, sweet pea, or chick pea or variants of rice protein including oat, grass, corn, wild rice and bananas, or (b) a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) variant of the fragment of a plant protein, for example a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment of a homolog of the plant protein. The peptides or fragments of the invention may be isolated from plant protein or made synthetically using methods known to a person skilled in the art and described herein.

“C-terminal domain” as applied to a fragment means the first three amino acids at the c-terminus of the fragment.

“N-terminal domain” as applied to a fragment means the last three amino acids at the n-terminus of the fragment.

“Bioactive” as applied to a peptide or fragment means having a biological activity when administered to a mammal. The biological activity may be a health promoting activity. Examples of biological activities include glucose transport promoting, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, or cellular growth or proliferation promoting. In one embodiment, the term “bioactive” means glucose transport promoting.

“Glucose transport promoting” or “glucose transport promoting activity” as applied to a peptide or fragment means a peptide or fragment that is capable of increasing GLUT4 translocation into skeletal muscle compared with an untreated control when employed at a concentration of 2 μM in the in-vitro assay described below. Preferably the peptide or fragment is capable of increasing GLUT4 translocation compared with an untreated control by at least 50% (i.e a relative unit increase in GLUT4 translocation of 1% to 1.5%).

“Antibacterial” or “antibacterial activity” as applied to a peptide or fragment means a peptide or fragment that is capable of visibly inhibiting the growth of a bacteria in the following agar-plate based growth inhibition assay: Peptide stock=5 mg/mL dissolved in DMSO. Bacterial inoculums were adjusted to McFarland 0.5 standard and MHA plates swabbed. Blank disks were placed in the plates and 10 μL of each compound (at 64 μg/mL—maximum concentration tested) added. Plates were incubated at 37° C. for 16-18 hours. Appropriate controls (DMSO; Mueller-Hinton media alone; and two antibiotic discs—ciprofloxacin and tetracycline) were also performed.

“Anti-inflammatory” as applied to a peptide or fragment means a peptide or fragment that is capable of significantly reducing the secretion of TNFα by LPS-stimulated J774.2 macrophages (compared with untreated LPS-stimulated J774.2 macrophages) when the macrophages are treated with 100 μM of the peptide or fragment. J774.2 macrophages were treated with 100 μM of synthetic peptide for 24 hours and then stimulated with (A) LPS (10 ng/ml) for five hours or (B) LPS (10 ng/ml) for 5 hours followed by ATP (5 mM) for one hour. Supernatant was collected and levels of TNFα were determined by ELISA.

“Cellular growth or proliferation promoting” as applied to a peptide or fragment means a peptide or fragment that is capable of increasing elastin production or cellular proliferation of human skin treated with a 20 μM solution of peptide or fragment in the following assay. Skin explants were prepared from abdominal plastic surgery. Some explants were delipidated with alcohol to obtain a dehydrated skin. These explants were maintained in maintenance medium supplied by the provider Bioprédic International for 5 days. Test items are applied twice per day with 5 μL per explant. At the end of the test, viabilities controls are realized with the MTT on two explants, the third explant is fixed in the formaldehyde 4% for histology and cell staining. For each time of analysis (D1 and D5), histologies on delipidated explants, treated explants with test items, the DMSO 0.3% control and water control, are performed. After receipt in the laboratory, each skin explant in the maintenance medium is delipidated with 5 μL alcohol during 3 hours. After 3 hours, all skin explants are treated two per day with test items, and they are incubated at 37° C.+/−2° C., 5% CO2 for 1 day or 5 days. Integrity of the system is realized at day 1 and day 5 with a viability control with MTT. Histology is realized by the laboratory Gredeco and the immunostaining to elastin and Ki67 are realized by the same laboratory. Immunostaining to filaggrin is realized by the laboratory Intertek.

The detection of elastin (rabbit monoclonal antibody, clone P15502, LSBio) is performed using an immunoperoxidase technique two layers (ABC kit, Vector Laboratories) and revealed by AEC (3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole). The immunohistochemical staining intensity in the elastic fibers is evaluated using a semi-quantitative histological score. Epithelial proliferation was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using anti-Ki67 antibody. Immunodetection was performed using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique three layers, amplified (DAKO kit) and revealed by AEC (3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole). Counting the number of labeled cells (keratinocytes of the basal layer of the epidermis) is performed and provides the total number of basal cells to calculate the % of labeled cells. The specific staining of filaggrin is performed with an immunoperoxidase staining (ABC kit, Fisher). The intensity of immunohistochemical marker in the epidermis is evaluated relative to the negative control of the solvent (Water or DMSO 0.3%).

“Enriched in peptides having a molecular weight of less than 10 KD” as applied to a composition of the invention means that the dry weight % of peptides in the composition having a molecular weight of less than 10 KD is greater than the dry weight % of polypeptide/protein in the composition having a molecular weight of 10 KD or greater.

“Homolog” of a reference protein should be understood to mean a protein from a different species of plant having at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% sequence homology with the reference protein. Thus, for example, homologs of pea protein P13918 include:

>gi|137584|sp|P08438.1|VCL_VICFA RecName: Full = Vicilin; Flags: Precursor [Vicia faba] >gi|22057| emb|CAA68559.1| vicilin [Vicia faba var. minor] >gi|383931031|gb|AFH56916.1| vicilin [Vicia faba] >gi|502105533|ref|XP_004492829.1| PREDICTED: vicilin-like isoform X1 [Cicer arietinum] ChickPea >gi|29539109|emb|CAD87730.1| allergen Len c 1.0101 [Lens culinaris] Lentil

A “variant” of a bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment shall be taken to mean a fragment having an amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to the reference bioactive (i.e. glucose transport promoting) fragment, and which has the relevant bioactivity (i.e. glucose transport promoting activity) as defined above. Thus, for example, the term should be taken to include fragments that are altered in respect of one or more amino acid residues. Preferably such alterations involve the insertion, addition, deletion and/or substitution of 5 or fewer amino acids, more preferably of 4 or fewer, even more preferably of 3 or fewer, most preferably of 1 or 2 amino acids only. Insertion, addition and substitution with natural and modified amino acids is envisaged. The variant may have conservative amino acid changes, wherein the amino acid being introduced is similar structurally, chemically, or functionally to that being substituted. In one embodiment, one or more L-amino acids are replaced with D-amino acids. Generally, the variant will have at least 70% amino acid sequence homology, preferably at least 80% sequence homology, more preferably at least 90% sequence homology, and ideally at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence homology with the reference glucose transport promoting fragment. In this specification, the term “sequence identity” should be understand to comprise both sequence identity and similarity, i.e. a variant (or homolog) that shares 70% sequence identity with a reference sequence is one in which any 70% of aligned residues of the variant (or homolog) are identical to or conservative substitutions of the corresponding residues in the reference sequence across the entire length of the sequence. Sequence identity is the amount of characters which match exactly between two different sequences. Hereby, gaps are not counted and the measurement is relational to the shorter of the two sequences. In terms of “sequence homology”, the term should be understood to mean that a variant (or homolog) which shares a defined percent similarity or identity with a reference sequence when the percentage of aligned residues of the variant (or homolog) are either identical to, or conservative substitutions of, the corresponding residues in the reference sequence and where the variant (or homolog) shares the same function as the reference sequence. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art, for example, one alignment program is BLAST, using default parameters. Details of these programs can be found at the following Internet address: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi.

Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 7 including variants having 1,2 or 3 conservative amino acid substitutions, 1, 2 to 3 non-Conservative amino acid substitutions, 1-2 amino acid additions, 1, 2 or 3 amino acid deletions, are provided below:

One conservative amino acid substitution:

(SEQ ID 85) ILDLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 86) VLELAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 87) VLDLAVPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 88) VLDLAIPINRPGQL; (SEQ ID 89) VLDLAIPVNKPGQL; (SEQ ID 90) VLDLAIPVEKPGQL; (SEQ ID 91) VLDLAIPVNKPGEL

Two conservative amino acid substitutions:

(SEQ ID 92 ILELAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 93) ILDLAVPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 94) VLELAVPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 95) VLELAIPVNKPGQL; (SEQ ID 96) ILDLAIPVNKPGQL; (SEQ ID 97) VLDLAVPVNKPGQL; (SEQ ID 98) VLDLAIPVEKPGEL; (SEQ ID 99) ILDLAIPVNKPGEL; (SEQ ID 100) VLELAIPVEKPGQL.

Three conservative amino acid substitutions:

(SEQ ID 101) ILELAVPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 102) ILELAIPVNKPGQL; (SEQ ID 103) VLELAVPVNKPGQL; (SEQ ID 104) ILELAIPVNRPGEL; (SEQ ID 105) ILDLAIPVNKPGEL; (SEQ ID 106) VLDLAVPVEKPGQL; (SEQ ID 107) VLDLAVPVERPGEL; (SEQ ID 108) VLELAIPVERPGEL.

One non-Conservative amino acid substitution

(SEQ ID 109) KLDLAIIVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 110) VLDLAIPVNRPGQK; (SEQ ID 111) VLDLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 112) VLDLAIPVNRPGQL;; (SEQ ID 113) VLDLAIPVNRPCQL; (SEQ ID 114) VLDLWIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 115) VLDLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 116) VLYLAIPVNRPGQL.

Two non-Conservative amino acid substitution

(SEQ ID 117) VLDLYIPVGRPGQL; (SEQ ID 118) VKDLAIPWNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 119) VLDLAIPVNRPCCL; (SEQ ID 120) VLDLAGGVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 121) VLDLAIPKNEPGQL; (SEQ ID 122) PLDLAIPVNDPGQL; (SEQ ID 123) VLDLAIPVNRPIQL; (SEQ ID 124) VLDHAIPVNRPGQL

Three non-Conservative amino acid substitution

(SEQ ID 125) VLDLAIPVNRPGGG; (SEQ ID 126) VLDLHIPGNEPGQL; (SEQ ID 127) VYKLAIPVNEPGQL; (SEQ ID 128) VLDLAIPVNRPYPG; (SEQ ID 129) VLDYAIPKNDPGQL; (SEQ ID 130) VLDLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 131) RRRLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 132) VLDLAIGVNRGPQL

One or two amino acid additions

(SEQ ID 133) VLDLAIPVNRPGFQL; (SEQ ID 134) VLDLADIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 135) VLDLAIPVGNRPGQL;  (SEQ ID 136) VLQQDLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 137) VLDLAIPVNRGPGQKL;  (SEQ ID 138) VLDGLPLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 139) VLDLAIPVNRPGQLLL; (SEQ ID 140) VLDLFLGAIPVNRPGQL

One, two or three amino acid deletions

(SEQ ID 141) VLDLAIPVNRGQL; (SEQ ID 142) VLDLAPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 143) LDLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 144) VLDLAIPVNRPGQ; (SEQ ID 145) DLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 146) VLDLAIPVNRPG; (SEQ ID 147) VLDLAINRPGQL; (SEQ ID 148) VLDAIVNPGQL

Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 8 include SEQ ID 7 (three deletions), SEQ ID 14 (one amino acid deletion), and SEQ ID 15 (one addition). Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 9 include SEQ ID 13 (one addition) and SEQ ID 11 (three amino acid additions). Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 10 include SEQ ID 158 and 161. Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 11 include SEQ ID 9 and SEQ ID 13. Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 12 include SEQ ID 8 and 16. Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 13 include SEQ ID 9 and 11. Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 14 include SEQ ID 10 and 15. Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 15 include SEQ ID 7, 8, 12 and 14. Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 16 include SEQ ID 12. Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 17 include SEQ ID 12 and 13. Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 18 include SEQ ID 19. Variants of SEQUENCE ID NO: 19 include SEQ ID 18.

The term “variant” should also be taken to include fragments of peptides of the invention. Typically the fragment has between 8 and 23 contiguous amino acids in length. Generally, the fragment has a charge of −5 to +3. Suitably, the fragment comprises a c-terminal amino acid that is not C, I, K, M, P, T or W. Suitably, the fragment has an n-terminal amino acid that typically is not C, D, H, M, P, T, V, W. The charge of a peptide, fragment or region is determined using the method of Cameselle, J. C., Ribeiro, J. M., and Sillero, A. (1986). Derivation and use of a formula to calculate the net charge of acid-base compounds. Its application to amino acids, proteins and nucleotides. Biochem. Educ. 14, 131-136.

A fragment of a peptide of the invention” or “peptide fragment” may have at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22 amino acids and typically has a bioactivity, for example anti-inflammatory activity, anti-ageing activity, glucose transport promoting activity, or anti-bacterial activity. In one embodiment, the fragment consists of at least 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the reference sequence. Examples of fragments of the invention are provided below:

(SEQ ID 149) VLDLAIPVNRPGQ; (SEQ ID 150) VLDLAIPVNRPG; (SEQ ID 151) VLDLAIPVNRP; (SEQ ID 152) LDLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 153) DLAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 154) LAIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 155) LDLAIPVNRPGQ; (SEQ ID 156) DLAIPVNRPG; (SEQ ID 157) LAIPVNRP; (SEQ ID 158) VLDLAIPVN; (SEQ ID 159) AIPVNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 160) VNRPGQL; (SEQ ID 161) VLDLAIPV, and (SEQ ID 10) VLDLAIPVNR.

“Pharmaceutical compositions”: A further aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide of the invention or a composition of peptides of the invention, admixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, excipients or carriers. Even though the peptides and compositions of the present invention can be administered alone, they will generally be administered in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent, particularly for human therapy. The pharmaceutical compositions may be for human or animal usage in human and veterinary medicine. Examples of such suitable excipients for the various different forms of pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be found in the “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 2^(nd) Edition, (1994), Edited by A Wade and P J Weller. In particular, formulations for topical delivery are described in Topical drug delivery formulations edited by David Osborne and Antonio Aman, Taylor & Francis, the complete contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Acceptable carriers or diluents for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (A. R. Gennaro edit. 1985). Examples of suitable carriers include lactose, starch, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sorbitol and the like. Examples of suitable diluents include ethanol, glycerol and water. The choice of pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent can be selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice. The pharmaceutical compositions may comprise as, or in addition to, the carrier, excipient or diluent any suitable binder(s), lubricant(s), suspending agent(s), coating agent(s), solubilising agent(s). Examples of suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose, anhydrous lactose, free-flow lactose, beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums, such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol. Examples of suitable lubricants include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. Preservatives, stabilizers, dyes and even flavouring agents may be provided in the pharmaceutical composition. Examples of preservatives include sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Antioxidants and suspending agents may be also used.

The peptide or composition of the invention may be adapted for topical, oral, rectal, parenteral, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intra-arterial, intrabronchial, subcutaneous, intradermal, intravenous, nasal, vaginal, buccal or sublingual routes of administration. For oral administration, particular use is made of compressed tablets, pills, tablets, gellules, drops, and capsules. Preferably, these compositions contain from 1 to 250 mg and more preferably from 10-100 mg, of active ingredient per dose. Other forms of administration comprise solutions or emulsions which may be injected intravenously, intra-arterial, subcutaneously, intradermally, intraperitoneally or intramuscularly, and which are prepared from sterile or sterilisable solutions. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may also be in form of suppositories, vaginal rings, pessaries, suspensions, emulsions, lotions, ointments, creams, gels, sprays, solutions or dusting powders. The composition of the invention may be formulated for topical delivery. Topical delivery generally means delivery to the skin, but can also mean delivery to a body lumen lined with epithelial cells, for example the lungs or airways, the gastrointestinal tract, the buccal cavity. In particular, formulations for topical delivery are described in Topical drug delivery formulations edited by David Osborne and Antonio Aman, Taylor & Francis, the complete contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Compositions or formulations for delivery to the airways are described in O'Riordan et al (Respir Care, 2002, Nov. 47), EP2050437, WO2005023290, US2010098660, and US20070053845. Composition and formulations for delivering active agents to the iluem, especially the proximal iluem, include microparticles and microencapsulates where the active agent is encapsulated within a protecting matrix formed of polymer or dairy protein that is acid resistant but prone to dissolution in the more alkaline environment of the ileum. Examples of such delivery systems are described in EP1072600.2 and EP13171757.1. An alternative means of transdermal administration is by use of a skin patch. For example, the active ingredient can be incorporated into a cream consisting of an aqueous emulsion of polyethylene glycols or liquid paraffin. The active ingredient can also be incorporated, at a concentration of between 1 and 10% by weight, into an ointment consisting of a white wax or white soft paraffin base together with such stabilisers and preservatives as may be required.

Injectable forms may contain between 10-1000 mg, preferably between 10-250 mg, of active ingredient per dose.

Compositions may be formulated in unit dosage form, i.e., in the form of discrete portions containing a unit dose, or a multiple or sub-unit of a unit dose.

A person of ordinary skill in the art can easily determine an appropriate dose of one of the instant compositions to administer to a subject without undue experimentation. Typically, a physician will determine the actual dosage which will be most suitable for an individual patient and it will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the individual undergoing therapy. The dosages disclosed herein are exemplary of the average case. There can of course be individual instances where higher or lower dosage ranges are merited, and such are within the scope of this invention. Depending upon the need, the agent may optionally be administered at a dose of from 0.01 to 30 mg/kg body weight, such as from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, more preferably from 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body weight. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more doses of 10 to 300 mg/day or more preferably, 10 to 150 mg/day, will be administered to the patient.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the methods and uses of the invention involve administration of a peptide or composition of the invention in combination with one or more other active agents, for example, existing glucose transport promoting drugs or pharmacological enhancers available on the market. In such cases, the compounds of the invention may be administered consecutively, simultaneously or sequentially with the one or more other active agents.

In one embodiment of the invention, the peptide of the invention may be administered in the form of a conjugate comprising the peptide, and may optionally include a linker, and a partner molecule, for example a protein such as an antibody molecule intended to increase the half-life of the conjugate in-vivo. In one embodiment, the peptide may be modified to substitute one or more amino acids with amino acids employed to attach partner molecules. For example, an amino acid may be substituted with a lysine residue for the purpose of conjugating a partner molecule such as a PEG molecule.

“Man-made” as applied to comestible products should be understood to mean made by the hand of a human and not existing in nature.

“Improving muscle status” means improving the muscle health, for example promoting skeletal muscle protein synthesis, skeletal glucose absorbtion, improving lean tissue mass in therapeutic or non-therapeutic context, promoting muscle recovery generally after activity exercise, or improving muscle performance. The methods or uses may be therapeutic or non-therapeutic. The term “improving lean tissue mass status” should be understood to mean increasing lean tissue mass, or inhibiting or preventing the rate of lean tissue mass degradation.

“Promoting muscle recovery” means causing an increase in absorbtion of glucose in skeletal muscle compared with untreated skeletal muscel.

“Disease or condition characterised by lethargy or low energy levels” means any condition or disease characterised by a feeling or tiredness or low energy. Examples include allergies, asthma anemia, cancer and its treatments chronic pain, heart disease infection depression eating disorders, grief, sleeping disorders, thyroid problems, medication side effects, alcohol use, or drug use.

“Maintaining or restoring muscle health” means helping retain or restore mammalian muscle health resulting from damage incurred during exercise. By promoting glucose transport in skeletal muscle the peptides promote recovery from exercise, and relieve muscle soreness/pain and injury connected with exercise. They can also be used to decrease and prevent muscle cramping, and to allow a faster recovery from muscle cramping. Cramping can result from physical stress, mental stress, and or Repetitive Strain Injury stress. By promoting glucose transport the peptides help reduce Myopathy of the muscle, and help prevent Sarcopenia in mammals, promote recovery from injuries during exercise, and relieve muscle soreness/pain and injury connected with exercise. The invention also relates to a peptide or composition of the invention for use in maintaining or restoring muscle health in a mammal.

“Metabolic disorder characterised by dysregulated glucose or insulin levels in a mammal” should be understood to include pre-diabetes, diabetes; Type-1 diabetes; Type-2 diabetes; metabolic syndrome; obesity; diabetic dyslipidemia; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; hypertriglyceridemia; hyperfattyacidemia; hypercholerterolemia; hyperinsulinemia, MODY, and HNF1A-MODY.

“Improving glycaemic management” should be understood to mean one or more of lowering plasma blood glucose levels, especially post-prandial blood glucose levels, treating or preventing hyperglycaemia, increasing post prandial insulin secretion, regulating glucose homeostasis, and reducing or attenuating insulin resistance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A: The effect of synthetic peptide SEQ ID 51 (Rice) on glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells.

FIG. 1B: The effect of synthetic peptides—SEQ ID 13 (Pea) on glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells.

FIG. 2: The effect of synthetic peptide SEQ ID 66 (Rice) on glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells.

FIG. 3: The effect of synthetic peptide SEQ ID 7 (Rice) on GLUT4 translocation in L6-GLUT4myc skeletal muscle cells.

FIG. 4: The effect of peptide composition E_1_BE on GLUT4 translocation in L6-GLUT4myc skeletal muscle cells.

FIG. 5: The effect of peptide composition I_2_BE on GLUT4 translocation in L6-GLUT4myc skeletal muscle cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Example 1

Measuring glucose uptake using 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) is a widely accepted method used to investigate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. 2-DG is taken up by glucose transporters and metabolized to 2-DG-6-phosphate (2-DG6P). The amount of accumulated non-metabolized 2-DG6P is proportional to glucose uptake by cells.

Method:

1. Human skeletal myoblasts (Sigma 150-05a) were seeded in a 96 well plate at 10,000 cells per well in Skeletal Muscle Differentiation medium and allowed to differentiated for 72h prior to experimentation.

2. The differentiated cells were serum starved for 24h prior to stimulation with insulin or synthetic peptides. After starvation, the serum free media was removed, cells rinsed with Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) and media replaced with 100 μl of Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate-HEPES (KRPH) and incubated for 1 h. 3. The cells were then stimulated with 100 nM insulin for 30 minutes or 5 μg/ml, 0.5 μg/ml or 0.05 μg/ml synthetic peptide for 3h respectively.

4. Following stimulation the cells were incubated with 10 μl/well of 2-DG solution for 40 min and glucose uptake was measured using the ‘PrismColor Glucose Uptake Assay Kit’ (Molecutools), all steps were carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions.

5. Results were calculated as a percentage of the untreated control. An increase in optical density reading indicates greater incorporation of 2-DG6P and increase in glucose uptake.

All experiments were carried out in duplicate on three plates (6 wells/condition). Significance was determined using the Students t-test (*p<0.05 compared to control, **p<0.01 compared to control, *** p<0.001 compared to control)

The results are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2—all synthetic peptides caused a significant increase in glucose uptake in the cells.

Example 2

Study Description

Skeletal muscle is the predominant site of glucose disposal (80%) under insulin-stimulated or post-prandial conditions. Under these conditions, transport of glucose into skeletal muscle is facilitated principally by the insulin-responsive glucose transport protein GLUT4, which translocates to the cell surface upon insulin or contractile stimulation.

We determined the effect of six synthetic peptides (SP1-6) and four peptide compositions on in vitro GLUT4 translocation using the L6 rat skeletal muscle cell line. A clone of the L6 cell line containing overexpression of GLUT4 tagged with a c-myc epitope (courtesy of Prof. Amira Klip, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto) was used to investigate the efficacy of each synthetic peptide and peptide composition for effects on GLUT4 translocation in a dose-response design.

SP2 [SEQ ID 7] is a glucose transport promoting fragment of Pea Protein P13918, whereas peptides SP1 and SP3-SP6 are comparative peptides.

SP1 (E_685two_BE) [SEQ ID 85] DTFYNAAWDPSNR SP2 (E_64two_BE) [SEQ ID 7] VLDLAIPVNRPGQL SP3 (E_93_BE) [SEQ ID 86] YQHQQGGKQEQENEGNNIFSGFK SP4 (I_641_BE) [SEQ ID 87] ALDWAIANLLR SP5 (I_1021_BE) [SEQ ID 88] YDYENVDAGAAK SP6 (I_24_BE) [SEQ ID 89] EVQDSPLDACR

The following compositions of peptides were tested for skeletal muscle glucose transport activity in an in-vitro test:

I_2_BE (comprises peptides of SEQ ID NO: 7 and 10)

E_1_BE (comprises peptides of SEQ ID NO: 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63)

Cell Culture

L6-GLUT4myc cells were grown in 10% FBS and 2 μg/ml blasticidin. Cells were grown for 48-72 hours before being seeded in 24-well plates at 15,000 cells per well in 2% FBS and allowed to differentiate for 6 to 8 days prior to experimentation.

L6-GLUT4myc cells were serum-starved for three hours prior to incubation with 100 nM of insulin for 30 mins, or 200, 20, 2.0 and 0.2 μM of SP, and 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 mg/ml of peptide composition for 3 hours respectively. A 3 hour incubation period was selected based on previous findings identifying that incubation with branch chain amino acid containing di-peptides for 3 hours increases glucose uptake in L6 myotubes 1. Treatments were staggered in order to determine GLUT4myc translocation at the same time point.

Measurement of GLUT4myc Translocation in L6 Myotubes

The quantity of myc-tagged GLUT4 at the cell surface was measured by antibody-Coupled colorimetric assay. Briefly, after incubation with either insulin for 30 mins or synthetic peptide or peptide composition for 3 hours respectively, L6-GLUT4myc cells were fixed via incubation with 3% paraformaldehyde (PFA). A 0.1 M glycine solution was then added to quench PFA and cells were blocked with 5% goat serum. The myotube monolayer was exposed to anti-myc antibody and then incubated with peroxidase conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG. 1 mL of o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD) reagent was added to each well and this reaction was stopped by adding 250W/well of 3 M HCL. To determine GLUT4 translocation to cell surface, a measured aliquot of each condition was determined spectrophotometrically on a plate reader using absorbance at 492 nm.

Synthetic Peptides

Peptides were first diluted in a suitable solvent. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was the solvent of choice for peptides with poor predicted water solubility. Final concentration of DMSO in each well at 200, 20, 2 and 0.2 μM for each synthetic peptide are shown in Table 1.

Peptide Compositions

Peptide compositions were prepared by adjusting the pH to between 6-7 using 1 M NaOH or HCL and subsequently sterile filtered.

TABLE 1 Concentration of DMSO per well for each synthetic peptide Concentration of DMSO per well (%) Peptide 200 μM 20 μM 2 μM 0.2 μM SP1 (E_685two_BE) 4.0 0.4 0.04 0.004 SP2 (E_64two_BE) 0.9 0.09 0.009 0.0009 SP3 (E_93_BE) 0.8 0.08 0.008 0.0008 SP4 (I_641_BE) 0.2 0.02 0.002 0.0002 SP5 (I_1021_BE) 3.0 0.3 0.03 0.003 SP6 (I_24_BE) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Synthetic Peptides

In addition to an untreated control, 100 nM insulin was utilised to stimulate a maximal GLUT4 translocation response i.e. a positive control in each experiment. The average increase in cell surface GLUT4 translocation in response to 100 nM insulin was 1.72-fold when compared to untreated control (FIG. 3). Treatments were staggered so that all conditions (untreated, insulin and sample) were processed at the same time-point. There was a trend for SP2 to increase GLUT4 translocation at a concentration ranging from 0.2-2 μM. SP1 at 200 μM tended to decrease translocation due to poor cell viability.

Peptide Compositions

Peptide composition E_1_BE tended to increase GLUT4 translocation at a concentration ranging from 0.25-0.5 mg/ml, however 1 and 2 mg/ml induced progressive cell death. Furthermore, there was a trend for composition I_2_BE to increase GLUT4 translocation in a dose-dependent manner (FIGS. 4-6).

Conclusion of the Experiment

SP2 and compositions E_1_BE and I_2_BE displayed a trend for stimulatory effect on skeletal muscle GLUT4 translocation and warrant further investigation for their potential to facilitate glucose transport in skeletal muscle.

Example 3

Anti-Hyperglycaemic Properties of Peptide Compositions I 2_BE and E_1_BE in Db/Db Mice

Preparation

I_2_BE or E_1_BE is administered as a solution or suspension in Purified Water. According to stability data, test item formulations at 10 mg/ml in Purified Water are stable for 10 hours at +2-+8° C. protected from light. Therefore test item formulations are kept at +2-+8° C. protected from light and used within 10 hours after preparation. Aspect of formulations and maximal duration of storage are detailed below.

Material

Species: Mouse.

Strain: BKS.Cg-Dock7m+/+Leprdb/J (db/db diabetic mice) (souche JAX™ Mice strain). Choice of species: The mouse was chosen because of its acceptance as a predictor of pharmacological effects of drugs in man and the recognition by regulatory authorities that this species is suitable for pharmacodynamic studies.

Age: 8-9 weeks on the day of randomisation.

Weight: On the day of randomisation, a maximum range of 2.5 g between each group should be achieved. The body weight of the animals on the day of randomisation will be mentioned in the report. About 10% excess animals will be ordered to allow selection of animals on the basis of body weight; if unassigned to groups, these will be available as spare animals, in case of unforeseen events.

Study Design

The study involves 3 groups of 12 animals each. Groups will be as follows:

-   -   Group 1: control group dosed with the vehicle (Purified Water),         po     -   Group 2: I_2_BE at 100 mg/kg, po     -   Group 3: E_1_BE at 100 mg/kg, po

Allocation of treatment to each animal is randomly determined before the start of the study. Homogeneity of groups will be validated on the criterion of body weight and glycaemia measured on the day of randomisation.

Justification of the number of animals per group:

The number of animals per group is the minimum number enabling an accurate assessment of the pharmacokinetics profile.

Study calendar

-   -   D−4: Weighing, glycaemia measurements, inclusion and         randomisation of animals     -   D1: Weighing of animals, start of daily oral administrations of         test items or vehicle, and glycaemia measurements     -   D8: Weighing of animals and glycaemia measurements     -   D15: Weighing of animals and glycaemia measurements     -   D16-D18: Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)     -   D22: Weighing of animals and glycaemia measurements     -   D29: Weighing of animals and glycaemia measurements     -   D29-D31: Blood sampling followed by the organs sampling

Glycaemia Measurements

Blood glucose level is measured weekly from D1 up to D29, 90±30 minutes after the daily treatment. A drop of blood is collected from the tail vein of non fasted db/db mice and is put on the extremity of a glucose strip (Nova Biomedical) placed into the Glucose Meter (Nova Biomedical).

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Over the third week (D16-D18) and after an overnight fasting period, the OGTT is performed. After a blood glucose level measurement (predose value) and 30 minutes after the daily oral administrations of test items or vehicle, animals are dosed by the oral route with 10 mL/kg of a glucose solution at 0.2 g/mL (2 g/kg) in Purified Water. Afterwards, blood glucose level are measured following the same procedure described above, at times 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the glucose overload.

Intermediate Results

The effects of I_2_BE and E_1_BE on body weight and glycaemia are compared with those of the vehicle and the delta corresponding to the evolution of blood sugar in each group is calculated from D1 to D15. Evolution of blood glucose from D−5 to D1 and therefor prior to treatment shows that progression of the disease is the same in all three groups. Strong trends of activity were observed for both peptide compositions compare to control between D1 and D15 showing that both peptide compositions are able to control the evolution of blood sugar in diabetic animals.

Results

The effects of I_2_BE and E_1_BE on body weight and glycaemia are compared with those of the vehicle using an analysis of variance for repeated measurements with a Dunnett's test in case of significance (P<0.05). For OGTT, the results of glycemia after the glucose overload in treated animals is compared with those of the vehicle animals using an analysis of variance for repeated measurements with a Dunnett's test in case of significance (P=0.05). Biochemical results (plasma glucose, HbAlc and insulin) are expressed as absolute values. The effects of I_2_BE and E_1_BE on biochemical parameters are compared with those of the vehicle using an analysis of variance with a Dunnett's test in case of significance (P<0.05).

Sequences

SEQUENCES PROTEIN: P13918-1-Pea MAATTMKASFPLLMLMGISFLASVCVSSRSDPQNPFIFKSNKFQTLFENENGHIRLLQKFDQRSKIFENLQNYRLLEYKSKPHTIFLP QHTDADYILWLSGKAILTVLKPDDRNSFNLERGDTIKLPAGTIAYLVNRDDNEEIRVLDLAIPVNRPGQLQSFLLSGNQNQQNYLSGFS KNILEASFNTDYEEIEKVLLEEHEKETQHRRSLKDKRQQSQEENVIVKLSRGQIEELSKNAKSTSKKSVSSESEPFNLRSRGPIYSNE FGKFFEITPEKNPQLQDLDIFVNSVEIKEGSLLLPHYNSRAIVIVTVNEGKGDFELVGQRNENQQEQRKEDDEEEEQGEEEINKQVQN YKAKLSSGDVFVIPAGHPVAVKASSNLDLLGFGINAENNQRNFLAGDEDNVISQIQRPVKELAFPGSAQEVDRILENQKQSHFADAQP QQRERGSRETRDRLSSV [SEQ ID 1] PEPTIDE: VLDLAIPVNRPGQL [SEQ ID 7] PEPTIDE: VLDLAIPVNRPGQLQSF [SEQ ID 8] PEPTIDE: SFLLSGNQNQQNYLS [SEQ ID 9] PEPTIDE: VLDLAIPVNR [SEQ ID 10] PEPTIDE: SFLLSGNQNQQNYLSGFS [SEQ ID 11] PEPTIDE: LAIPVNRPGQLQSFLLSG [SEQ ID 12] PEPTIDE: SFLLSGNQNQQNYLSG [SEQ ID 13] PEPTIDE: LDLAIPVNRPGQL [SEQ ID 14] PEPTIDE: VLDLAIPVNRPGQLQ [SEQ ID 15] PEPTIDE: LAIPVNRPGQLQSFLLSGNQNQ [SEQ ID 16] PEPTIDE: SFLLSGNQNQQNYLSGFSKNILE [SEQ ID 17] PEPTIDE: GSLLLPHYN [SEQ ID 18] PEPTIDE: GSLLLPHYNS [SEQ ID 19] PEPTIDE: SSNLDLLGFG [SEQ ID 2] PEPTIDE: FLPQHTD [SEQ ID 181] P13918 PEPTIDE: PGQLQSFLLSGNQNQQNYLSGF [SEQ ID 190] P13918 PEPTIDE: QLQSFLLSGNQNQQNYLSGFSK [SEQ ID 191] P13918 PEPTIDE: QSFLLSGNQNQQ [SEQ ID 192] P13918 PEPTIDE: PGQLQSFLLSGN [SEQ ID 193] P13918 PEPTIDE: QSFLLSGNQ [SEQ ID 194] P13918 PEPTIDE: QNQQNYLSGFSK [SEQ ID 195] P13918 PEPTIDE: PGQLQSFILSGNQNQQNYLSGFSK [SEQ ID 204] P13918 PEPTIDE: SKPHTIFLPQHTDADYILWLSGK [SEQ ID 207] P13918 PEPTIDE: VLDLAIPVNRPGQLQSFLLSGNQNQQNYLSGFSK [SEQ ID 216) PEPTIDE: QSFLLSGNQNQQNYLSG [SEQ ID 217] PEPTIDE: RLSSV [SEQ ID 218] PROTEIN: Q9M3X6-2-Pea MATTIKSRFPLLLLLGIIFLASWCVTYANYDEGSEPRVPAQRERGRQEGEKEEKRHGEWRPSYEKEEDEEEGQRERGRQEGEKEEKRH GEWRPSYEKQEDEEEKQKYRYQREKEDEEEKQKYQYQREKKEQKEVQPGRERWEREEDEEQVDEEWRGSQRREDPEERARLRHREERT KRDRRHQREGEEEERSSESQERRNPFLFKSNKFLTLFENENGHIRLLQRFDKRSDLFENLQNYRLVEYRAKPHTIFLPQHIDADLILW LSGKAILTVLSPNDRNSYNLERGDTIKLPAGTTSYLVNQDDEEDLRLVDLVIPVNGPGKFEAFDLAKNKNQYLRGFSKNILEASYNTR YETIEKVLLEEQEKDRKRRQQGEETDAIVKVSREQIEELKKLAKSSSKKSLPSEFEPINLRSHKPEYSNKFGKLFEITPEKKYPQLQD LDLFVSCVEINEGALMLPHYNSRAIWLLVNEGKGNLELLGLKNEQQEREDRKERNNEVQRYEARLSPGDWIIPAGHPVAITASSNLNL LGFGINAENNERNFLSGSDDNVISQIENPVKELTFPGSVQEINRLIKNQKQSHFANAEPEQKEQGSQGKRSPLSSILGTFY [SEQ ID 2] PEPTIDE: AFDLAKNKNQYLRGFS [SEQ ID 21] PEPTIDE: QYLRGFSKNILE [SEQ ID 22] PEPTIDE: NLLGFGINAE [SEQ ID 23] PEPTIDE: SNLNLLGFG [SEQ ID 24] PEPTIDE: LAKNKNQYLRGFSKN [SEQ ID 25] PEPTIDE: LAKNKNQYLRGFSK [SEQ ID 26] PEPTIDE: LRGFSKNILE [SEQ ID 27] PEPTIDE: YSNKFGKLFE [SEQ ID 28] PEPTIDE: AFDLAKNKNQYLRGF [SEQ ID 29] PEPTIDE: AFDLAKNKNQYLRGFSK [SEQ ID 30] PEPTIDE: NKNQYLRGFS [SEQ ID 31] PEPTIDE: NKNQYLRGFSKNILE [SEQ ID 32] PEPTIDE: SSNLNLLGFG [SEQ ID 33] PEPTIDE: EYSNKFGKLFE [SEQ ID 34] PEPTIDE: ASSNLNLLG [SEQ ID 35] PEPTIDE: LNLLGFGI [SEQ ID 36] PEPTIDE: NKFGKLFE [SEQ ID 37] PEPTIDE: VQPGRERWEREEDEEQVDE [SEQ ID 38] PEPTIDE: RERWEREEDEEQVDE [SEQ ID 39] PEPTIDE: ASSNLNLLGF [SEQ ID 40] PEPTIDE: LAKNKNQYLRGFS [SEQ ID 41] PEPTIDE: ELLGLKNE [SEQ ID 42] PEPTIDE: ASSNLNLL [SEQ ID 43] PEPTIDE: YPQLQDLDL [SEQ ID 44] PEPTIDE: LLGLKNEQQE [SEQ ID 45] PEPTIDE: LWLSGKAIL [SEQ ID 46] PEPTIDE: LRGFSK [SEQ ID 162] Q9M3X6 PEPTIDE: GALMLPHYN [SEQ ID 163] Q9M3X6 PEPTIDE: GALMLPHYNSR [SEQ ID 164] Q9M3X6 PEPTIDE: YLRGFS [SEQ ID 196] Q9M3X6 PEPTIDE LVDLVIPVNGPGKFEAFDLAK [SEQ ID 203] Q9M3X6 PEPTIDE: LRGFSKN [SEQ ID 226] PROTEIN: Q0DEV5-1-Rice MSAITTSQLATSATGFGIADRSAPSSLLRHGFQGLKPRSPAGGDATSISVTTSARATPKQQRSVQRGSRRFPSWVYATGAGMNWFVGA EMAPWSKTGGLGDVLGGLPPAMAANGHRVMVISPRYDQYKDAWDTSWAEIKVADRYERVRFFHCYKRGVDRVFIDHPSFLEKVWGKTG EKIYGPDTGVDYKDNQMRFSLLCQAALEAPRILNLNNNPYFKGTYGEDWFVCNDWHTGPLASYLKNNYQPNGIYRNAKVAFCIHNISY QGRFAFEDYPELNLSERFRSSFDFIDGYDTPVEGRKINWMKAGILEADRVLTVSPYYAEELISGIARGCELDNIMRLTGITGIVNGMD VSEWDPSKDKYITAKYDATTAIEAKALNKEALQAEAGLPVDRKIPLIAFIGRLEEQKGPDVMAAAIPELMQEDVQIVLLGTGKKKFEK LLKSMEEKYPGKVRAWKFNAPLAHLIMAGADVLAVPSRFEPCGLIQLQGMRYGTPCACASTGGLVDTVIEGKTGFHMGRLSVDCKWEP SDVKKVAATLKRAIKVVGTPAYEEMVRNCMNQDLSWKGPAKNWENVLLGLGVAGSAPGIEGDEIAPLAKENVAAP [SEQ ID 3] PEPTIDE: YDATTAIEAK [SEQ ID 47] PEPTIDE: HPSF [SEQ ID 189] Q0DEV5 PROTEIN: P14323-2-Rice MASSVFSRFSIYFCVLLLCHGSMAQLFNPSTNPWHSPRQGSFRECRFDRLQAFEPLRKVRSEAGVTEYFDEKNELFQCTGTFVIRRV IQPQGLLVPRYTNIPGWYIIQGRGSMGLTFPGCPATYQQQFQQFSSQGQSQSQKFRDEHQKIHQFRQGDIVALPAGVAHWFYNDGDA PIVAVYVYDVNNNANQLEPRQKEFLLAGNNNRAQQQQVYGSSIEQHSGQNIFSGFGVEMLSEALGINAVAAKRLQSQNDQRGEIIHV KNGLQLLKPTLTQQQEQAQAQDQYQQVQYSERQQTSSRWNGLEENFCTIKVRVNIENPSRADSYNPRAGRITSVNSQKFPILNLIQM SATRVNLYQNAILSPFWNVNAHSLVYMIQGRSRVQWSNFGKTVFDGVLRPGQILIIPQHYAVIKKAEREGCQYIAIKTNANAFVSHI AGKNSVFRALPVDWANAYRISREQARSLKNNRGEEHGAFTPRFQQQYYPGLSNESESETSE [SEQ ID 4] PEPTIDE: NGLQLLKPTL [SEQ ID 48] PEPTIDE: GLQLLKPTL [SEQ ID 49] PEPTIDE: GVLRPGQLL [SEQ ID 50] PEPTIDE: DGVLRPGQLL [SEQ ID 51] PEPTIDE: LQLLKPTLTQQQE [SEQ ID 52] PEPTIDE: FLLAGNNNR [SEQ ID 53] PEPTIDE: EFLLAGNNNR [SEQ ID 54] PEPTIDE: FLLAGNNNRAQQQQVYGSSIE [SEQ ID 55] PEPTIDE: FLLAGNNNRAQQQQ [SEQ ID 56] PEPTIDE: FLLAGNNNRAQQQQVYG [SEQ ID 57] PEPTIDE: FLLAGNNNRAQQQQVY [SEQ ID 58] PEPTIDE: FQQQYYPGLSNESESETSE [SEQ ID 59] PEPTIDE: VFDGVLRPG [SEQ ID 165] P14323 PEPTIDE: LQSQND [SEQ ID 166] P14323 PEPTIDE: LQSQNDQRGEI [SEQ ID 167] P14323 PEPTIDE: QSQNDQRGEIIHVK [SEQ ID 168] P14323 PEPTIDE: RGEIIHVK [SEQ ID 169] P14323 PEPTIDE: RLQSQNDQ [SEQ ID 170] P14323 PEPTIDE: RLQSQNDQRG [SEQ ID 171] P14323 PEPTIDE: RLQSQNDQRGEIIH [SEQ ID 172] P14323 PEPTIDE: TVFDGVLRPGQL [SEQ ID 199] P14323 PEPTIDE: FGKTVFDGVLRPGQL [SEQ ID 211] P14323 PEPTIDE: RLQSQNDQRGEIIHVK [SEQ ID 206] P14323 PEPTIDE: QKEFLLAGNNNR (also in P14614) (SEQ ID 219] PROTEIN: P14614-3-Rice MATIAFSRLSIYFCVLLLCHGSMAQLFGPNVNPWHNPRQGGFRECRFDRLQAFEPLRRVRSEAGVTEYFDEKNEQFQCTGTFVIRRV IEPQGLLVPRYSNTPGMVYIIQGRGSMGLTFPGCPATYQQQFQQFLPEGQSQSQKFRDEHQKIHQFRQGDIVALPAGVAHWFYNEGD APWALYVFDLNNNANQLEPRQKEFLLAGNNNREQQMYGRSIEQHSGQNIFSGFNNELLSEALGVNALVAKRLQGQNDQRGEIIRVKN GLKLLRPAFAQQQEQAQQQEQAQAQYQVQYSEEQQPSTRCNGLDENFCTIKARLNIENPSHADTYNPRAGRITRLNSQKFPILNLVQ LSATRVNLYQNAILSPFWNVNAHSLVYIVQGHARVQWSNLGKTVFNGVLRPGQLLIIPQHYWLKKAEHEGCQYISFKTNANSMVSHL AGKNSIFRAMPVDVIANAYRISREQARSLKNNRGEELGAFTPRYQQQTYPGFSNESENEALE [SEQ ID 5] PEPTIDE: LSEALGVNAL [SEQ ID 60] PEPTIDE: LRPAFAQQQEQAQQQEQA [SEQ ID 61] PEPTIDE: LRPAFAQQQE [SEQ ID 62] PEPTIDE: LRPAFAQQQEQAQQQE [SEQ ID 63] PEPTIDE: HNPR [SEQ ID 186] P14614 PEPTIDE: WHN [SEQ ID 187] P14614 PEPTIDE: TVFNGVLRPGQLL [SEQ ID 212] P14614 PEPTIDE: LLRPAFAQQQEQAQQQEQA [SEQ ID 220] PEPTIDE: VKNGLKLLRPAF [SEQ ID 221] PEPTIDE: FLLAGNNNRE [SEQ ID 222] PEPTIDE: GLKLLRPAFAQQQE [SEQ ID 223] PEPTIDE: LKLLRPAFAQQQE [SEQ ID 224] PEPTIDE: LLRPAFAQQQE [SEQ ID 225] PROTEIN: P07728-4-Rice MASINRPIVFFTVCLFLICNGSLAQQLIGQSTSQWQSSRRGSPRECRFDRLQAFEPIRSVRSQAGTTEFFDVSNEQFQCTGVSWRRV IEPRGLLLPHYTNGASLVYIIQGRGITGPTFPGCPESYQQQFQQSGQAQLTESQSQSQKFKDEHQKIHRFRQGDVIAIPAGVAHWCY NDGEVPWAIYVTDLNNGANQLDPRQRDFLLAGNKRNPQAYRREVEERSQNIFSGFSTELLSEALGVSSQVARQLQCQNDQRGEIVRV EHGLSLLQPYASLQEQEQGQVQSRERYQEGQYQQSQYGSGCSNGLDETFCTLRVRQNIDNPNRADTYNPRAGRVTNLNTQNFPILSL VQMSAVKVNLYQNALLSPFWNINAHSWYITQGRARVQWNNNGKTVFNGELRRGQLLIIPQHYAWKKAQREGCAYIAFKTNPNSMVSH IAGKSSIFRAIPNDVLANAYRISREEAQRLKHNRGDEFGAFTPIQYKSYQDVYNAAESS [SEQ ID 6] PEPTIDE: HGLSLLQPYA [SEQ ID 64] PEPTIDE: HGLSLLQPYASL [SEQ ID 65] PEPTIDE: HGLSLLQPY [SEQ ID 66] PEPTIDE: RSQNIF [SEQ ID 177] P07728 PEPTIDE: PNSM [SEQ ID 178] P07728 PEPTIDE: MASINRPIVFFTVCLFLLCNGSLA [SEQ ID 213] PEPTIDE: FLLAGNKRNPQ [SEQ ID 214] PEPTIDE: FLLAGNKRN [SEQ ID 215] PROTEIN: P29835-5-RICE MASKWFFAAALMAAMVAISGAQLSESEMRFRDRQCQREVQDSPLDACRQVLDRQLTGRERFQPMFRRPGALGLRMQCC QQLQDVSRECRCAAIRRMVRSYEESMPMPLEQGWSSSSSEYYGGEGSSSEQGYYGEGSSEEGYYGEQQQQPGMTRVRLTRA RQYAAQLPSMCRVEPQQCSIFAAGQY [SEQ ID 227] MPMP [SEQ ID 173] P29835 PMPL [SEQ ID 174] P29835 PEA PROTEIN 3: P15838-3- MATKLLALSLSFCFLLLGGCFALREQPEQNECQLERLNALEPDNRIESEGGLIETWNPNNKQFRCAGVALSRATLQHNALRRPYYSNA PQEIFIQQGNGYFGMVFPGCPETFEEPQESEQGEGRRYRDRHQKVNRFREGDIIAVPTGIVFWMYNDQDTPVIAVSLTDIRSSNNQLD QMPRRFYLAGNHEQEFLRYQHQQGGKQEQENEGNNIFSGFKRDFLEDAFNVNRHIVDRLQGRNEDEEKGAIVKVKGGLSIISPPEKQA RHQRGSRQEEDEDEDEERQPRHQRGSRQEEEEDEDEERQPRHQRRRGEEEEEDKKERRGSQKGKSRRQGDNGLEETVCTAKLRLNIGP SSSPDIYNPEAGRIKTVTSLDLPVLRWLKLSAEHGSLHKNAMFVPHYNLNANSIIYALKGRARLQVVNCNGNTVFDGELEAGRALTVP QNYAVAAKSLSDRFSYVAFKTNDRAGIARLAGTSSVINNLPLDWAATFNLQRNEARQLKSNNPFKFLVPARQSENRASA [SEQ ID 228] LEPDNR [SEQ ID 175] P15838 GIARLAGTSSVIN [SEQ ID 176] P15838 PROTEIN: Q0D7S0-3-RICE MASNKWFSVLLLAWSVLAATATMAEYHHQDQWYTPGPLCQPGMGYPMYPLPRCRALVKRQCVGRGTAAAAEQVRRDCCRQLAAVDD SWCRCEAISHMLGGIYRELGAPDVGHPMSEVFRGCRRGDLERAAASLPAFCNVDIPNGGGGVCYWLARSGY [SEQ ID 229] GHPM [SEQ ID 179] Q0D7S0 HPMS [SEQ ID 180] Q0D7S0 RICE PROTEIN 8: Q6K7K6 MASMSTILPLCLGLLLFFQVSMAQFSFGGSPLQSPRGFRGDQDSRHQCRFEHLTALEATH QQRSEAGFTEYYNIEARNEFRCAGVSVRRLWESKGLVLPMYANAHKLVYIVQGRGVFGM ALPGCPETFQSVRSPFEQEVATAGEAQSSIQKMRDEHQQLHQFHQGDVIAVPAGVAHWLY NNGDSPWAFTVIDTSNNANQLDPKRREFFLAGKPRSSWQQQSYSYQTEQLSRNQNIFAG FSPDLLSEALSVSKQTVLRLQGLSDPRGAIIRVENGLQALQPSLQVEPVKEEQTQAYLPT KQLQPTWLRSGGACGQQNVLDEIMCAFKLRKNIDNPQSSDIFNPHGGRITRANSQNFPIL NIIQMSATRIVLQNNALLTPHWTVNAHTVMYVTAGQGHIQWDHRGRSVFDGELHQQQIL LIPQNFAWVKARREGFAWVSFKTNHNAVDSQIAGKASILRALPVDWANAYRLSREDSR HVKFNRGDEMAVFAPRRGPQQYAEWQINEK [SEQ ID 230] EWQINEK [SEQ ID 182] Q6K7K6 GPQQYAEWQINEK [SEQ ID 183] Q6K7K6 PQQYAEWQ [SEQID 184] Q6K7K6 RGPQQYA [SEQ ID 185] Q6K7K6 RGPQQYAEWQINEK [SEQ ID 205] Q6K7K6 RGPQQYAEWQINEK [SEQ ID 208] Q6K7K6 RGPQQYAEWQIN [SEQ ID 198] Q6K7K6 RICE PROTEIN 7: Q6K508 MATTTSLLSSCLCALLLAPLFSQGVDAWESRQGASRQCRFDRLQAFEPLRKVRSEAGDTE YFDERNEQFRCAGVFVIRRVIEPQGLWPRYSNTPALAYIIQGKGYVGLTFPGCPATHQQ QFQLFEQRQSDQAHKFRDEHQKIHEFRQGDWALPASVAHWFYNGGDTPAVWYVYDIKS FANQLEPRQKEFLLAGNNQRGQQIFEHSIFQHSGQNIFSGFNTEVLSEALGINTEASKRL QSQNDQRGDIIRVKHGLQLLKPTLTQRQEEHRQYQQVQYREGQYNGLDENFCTIKARVNI ENPSRADYYNPRAGRITLLNNQKFPILNLIGMGAARVNLYQNALISPFWNINAHSWYII QGSVRVQVANNQGRSVFNGVLHQGQLLIIPQNHAVIKKAEHNGCQYVAIKTISDPTVSWV AGKNSILRALPVDVIANAYRISRDEARRLKNNRADEIGPFTPRFPQKSQRGYQFLTEGLS LIGM [SEQ ID 231] GYVGLTFPGCPATHQQQFQLFEQR [SEQ ID] Q6K508 PROTEIN: P02855-4-PEA DNAEIEKILLEEHEKETHHRRGLRDKRQQSQEKNVIVKVSKKQIEELSKNAKSSSKKSVSSRSEPFNLKSSDPIYSNQYGKFFEITP KKNPQLQDLDIFVNYVEIKEGSLWLPHYNSRAIVIVTVNEGKGDFELVGQRNENQQGLREEDDEEEEQREEETKNQVQSYKAKLTPG DVFVIPAGHPVAVRASSNLNLLGFGINAENNQRNFLAGEEDNVISQIQKQVKDLTFPGSAQEVDRLLENQKQSYFANAQPQQRETRS QEIKEHLYSILGAF [SEQ ID 232] KNPQLQDLDIFVNYVEIK [SEQ ID 201] P02855 PROTEIN: P02857-1-PEA MAKLLALSLSFCFLLLGGCFALREQPQQNECQLERLDALEPDNRIESEGGLIETWNPNNKQFRCAGVALSRATLQRNALRRPYYSNAPQEIFIQ QGNGYFGMVFPGCPETFEEPQESEQGEGRRYRDRHQKVNRFREGDIIAVPTGIVFWMYNDQDTPVIAVSLTDIRSSNNQLDQMPRRFYLAG NHEQEFLQYQHQQGGKQEQENEGNNIFSGFKRDYLEDAFNVNRHIVDRLQGRNEDEEKGAIVKVKGGLSIISPPEKQARHQRGSRQEEDED EEKQPRHQRGSRQEEEEDEDEERQPRHQRRRGEEEEEDKKERGGSQKGKSRRQGDNGLEETVCTAKLRLNIGPSSSPDIYNPEAGRIKTVTSL DLPVLRWLKLSAEHGSLHKNAMFVPHYNLNANSIIYALKGRARLQWNCNGNTVFDGELEAGRALTVPQNYAVAAKSLSDRFSYVAFKTNDR AGIARLAGTSSVINNLPLDVVAATFNLQRNEARQLKSNNPFKFLVPARESENRASA [SEQ ID 233] LDALEPDNR [SEQ ID 202] P02857 PROTEIN: P09918-14-Pisum sativum MFSGVTGIINRGHKIKGTWLMRKNVLDINSLTTVGGVIGQGFDILGSTVDNLTAFLGRSVSLQLISATKPDATGKGKLGKATFLEGIISSLPTLG AGQSAFKIHFEWDDDMGIPGAFYIKNFMQTEFFLVSLTLDDIPNHGSIYFVCNSWIYNAKHHKIDRIFFANQTYLPSETPAPLVHYREEELNNLR GDGTGERKEWERIYDYDVYNDLGNPDSGENHARPVLGGSETYPYPRRGRTGRKPTRKDPNSESRSDYVYLPRDEAFGHLKSSDFLTYGLKAVS QNWPALESVFFDLNFTPNEFDSFDEVHGLYEGGIKLPTNILSQISPLPVLKEIFRTDGENTLKYPPPKVIQVSRSGWMTDEEFAREMLAGVNPN VICCLQEFPPRSKLDSQIYGDHTSKISKEHLEPNLEGLTVEEAIQNKKLFLLDHHDSIMPYLRRINSTSTKAYATRTILFLNNNQNLKPLAIELSLPHP QGDEHGAVSYVYQPALEGVESSIWLLAKAYVIVNDSCYHQLVSHWLNTHAWEPFVIATNRHLSCLHPIYKLLYPHYRDTMNINSLARLSLVND GGIIEKTFLWGRYSMEMSSKVYKNWVFTEQALPADLIKRGMAIEDPSSPCGVKLWEDYPYAVDGLEIWAIIKTWVQDYVSLYYTSDEKLRQD SEIQAWWKELVEVGHGDKKNEPWWPKMQTREDLIEVCSIVIWTASALHAAVNFGQYSYGGLILNRPTISRRFMPEKGSAEFEELVKSPQKA YLKTITPKFQTLIDLSVIEILSRHASDELYLGERDNPNWTSDKRALEAFKKFGNKLAEIEKKLTQRNNDEKLRNRHGPVEMPYTLLYPSSKEGLTFR GIPNSISI [SEQ ID 234] HGPVEMPYTLLYPSSK [SEQ ID 209] P09918 LGLSPQDALK [SEQ ID 210] Q43819 WDP [SEQ ID 188] B5A8N6 PVEMPTLLYPS [SEQ ID 197]

Examples of Homologs for Each Protein

P13918 (Pea) >gi|137584|sp|P08438.1| VCL_VICFA RecNa me: Full = Vicilin; Flags: Precursor [Vicia faba] >gi|22057|emb| CAA68559.1| vicilin [Vicia faba var. minor] >gi|383931031|gb|AFH56916.1| vicilin [Vicia faba] [SEQ ID 67] MAATTLKDSFPLLTLLGIAFLASVCLSSRSDQDNPFVFESNRFQTLFENENGHIRLLQKFDQHSKLLENLQNYRLLEYKSKPHTIFLPQQTDADFIL VVLSGKAILTVLLPNDRNSFSLERGDTIKLPAGTIGYLVNRDDEEDLRVLDLVIPVNRPGEPQSFLLSGNQNQPSILSGFSKNILEASFNTDYKEIEK VLLEEHGKEKYHRRGLKDRRQRGQEENVIVKISRKQIEELNKNAKSSSKKSTSSESEPFNLRSREPIYSNKFGKFFEITPKRNPQLQDLNIFVNYVEI NEGSLLLPHYNSRAIVIVTVNEGKGDFELVGQRNENQQGLREEYDEEKEQGEEEIRKQVQNYKAKLSPGDVLVIPAGYPVAIKASSNLNLVGFGI NAENNQRYFLAGEEDNVISQIHKPVKELAFPGSAQEVDTLLENQKQSHFANAQPRERERGSQEIKDHLYSILGSF  >gi|502105533|ref|XP_004492829.1| PREDICTED: vicilin-like isoform X1 [Cicer arietinum] ChickPea [SEQ ID 68] MAIKARFPLLVLLGIVFLASVCAKSDKENPFFFKSNNCQTLFENENGHVRLLQRFDKRSQLFENLQNYRLMEYNSKPHTLFLPQHNDADFILVVL RGRAILTVLNPNDRNTFKLERGDTIKLPAGTIAYLANRDDNEDLRVLDLAIPVNRPGQFQSFSLSGNENQQSYFQGFSKKILEASFNSDYEEIERV LLEEQEQKPEQRRGHKGRQQSQETDVIVKISREQIEELSKNAKSNCKKSVSSESEPFNLRSRSPIYSNRFGNFFEITPEKNPQLKDLDIFVNSVEIK EGSLLLPHFNSRATVILVVNEGKGEVELVGLRNENEQENKKEDEEEEEDRNVQVQRFQSKLSSGDVVVIPASHPFSINASSDLFLLGFGINAQN NQRNFLAGEEDNVISQIQRPVKEVAFPGSAEEVDRLLKNQRQSHFANAQPQQKRKGSQRIRSPF >gi|29539109|emb|CAD87730.1| allergen Len c 1.0101 [Lens culinaris] Lentil [SEQ ID 69] SRSDQENPFIFKSNRFQTIYENENGHIRLLQRFDKRSKIFENLQNYRLLEYKSKPHTIFLPQFTDADFILVVLSGKAILTVLNSNDRNSFNLERGDTI KLPAGTIAYLANRDDNEDLRVLDLAIPVNRPGQLQSFLLSGTQNQPSFLSGFSKNILEAAFNTEYEEIEKVLLEEQEQKSQHRRSLRDKRQEITNE DVIVKVSREQIEELSKNAKSSSKKSVSSESEPFNLRSRNPIYSNKFGKFFEITPEKNPQLQDLDIFVNSVEIKEGSLLLPNYNSRAIVIVTVNEGKGDF ELVGQRNENQQEQREENDEEEGQEEETTKQVQRYRARLSPGDVLVIPAGHPVAINASSDLNLIGFGINAKNNQRNFLAGEEDNVISQIQRPV KELAFPGSSREVDRLLTNQKQSHFANAQPLQIE Q9M3X6 (Pea) >gi|164512526|emb|CAP06312.1| cvc [Pisum abyssinicum] [SEQ ID 70] MATTVESRFPLLLFPGIIFLASVCVTYANYDEGSETRVPGQRERGRQEGEKEEKRHGEWRPSYEKEEDEEEKQKYRYQREKEDEEEKQKYRYQR EKKEEKEVQPGRERWEREEDEEQVDEEWRGSQRRQDPEERARLRHREERTKRDRRHKREGEEEERSSESQEQRNPFLFKSNKFLTLFENENG HIRRLQRFDKRSDLFENLQNYRLVEYRAKPHTIFLPQHIDADLILVVLNGKAILTVLSPNDRNSYNLERGDTIKIPAGTTSYLVNQDDEEDLRVVD FVIPVNRPGKFEAFGLSENKNQYLRGFSKNILEASLNTKYETIEKVLLEEQEKKPQQLRDRKRRQQGGERDAIIKVSREQIEELRKLAKSSSKKSLPS EFEPFNLRSHKPEYSNKFGKLFEITPEKKYPQLQDLDILVSCVEINKGALMLPHYNSRAIVVLLVNEGKGNLELLGLKNEQQEREDRKERNNEVQ RYEARLSPGDVVIIPAGHPVAISASSNLNLLGFGTNAENNQRNFLSGSDDN >gi|164512538|emb|CAP06318.1| cvc [Lathyrus annuus] [SEQ ID 71] MATTIKSRFPLLLLLGIIFLASVCVTWANYDEGSEPRVPGQRERGRQEGEKEEKRHGEWRPSYEEEYDEGLEPKVPGKRERGRQEGEKEEKRHE EWRPSYEKEEDEEEKQKYNYQREKKEHKEVQPGRERWERKQDEKQVEEDEEPGEEQWRGSKRHEDPEERARLRHREEKTKSYVEDNEETSS KEGRNPFLFKSNKFLTLFENENGHIRRLQRFDERSDIFENLQNYRLVEYRAKPHTMFLPQHIDADLILVVLNGKAILTVLSPNDRNSYNLERGDT VKLPAGTTSYLVNQDDEEDLRVVDLAIPVNRPGKFEAFGLSANKNQYLRGFSKNILEASLNTKYETIEKVLLEERRDQKGRQQGQETNAIVKVSR EQIEELRKLAKSSSKKSLLSESEPLNLRSQNPKYSNKFGKFFEITPQKKYPQLQDLDVSISCVEINKGALLLPHYNSRSIGILLVNEGKGNLELVGFKN EQQRQRENEETNKKLQRYEARLSSGDVVVIPEGHPVAISASSNLNLLGFGINAANNQRNFLTGSDDN >gi|164512558|emb|CAP06328.1| cvc [Vicia villosa] [SEQ ID 72] MATTIKSRFPVLLLLGIIFLTSVCVTYANYDEGREPSVPGQRERGRQEGEKEEKRHGEWRPSEEDEEEKYKYEEGRVPGQRERGRQEGEKEEKR HGKWRPSEEEDEEEKYRYEEGSEPRGPGQRETGRQEGEKEKQRPEREPSYEKEEDEEEKQKYQYHREKKEQREVRPGRERFERHEDEEQWRG IQRHEDPEERARERYRAEIAKRQVEEEREERDIPHEREQRNPFLFKSNKFQTLFQNENGYIRRLQRFDKRSDLFENLQNYRLVEYRAKPHTIFLPQ HIDADLIIVVLSGRAILTVLSPDDRNSYNLERGDTIKLPAGTTSYLVNQDDEEDLRVVDLAIPVNRPGKVESFLLSGNKNQYLRGFSKNILEASFNT NYETIERVLLEEQDKESQQSIGQKRRSQRQETNALVKVSREQLEDLKRLAKSSSQEGLSSQFEPINLRSQNPKYSNKFGKVFEITPEKKYPQLQDL DLFVSSVDIKEGALMLPHYNSRAIVVLLVNEGRGNLELVGLKNEQQEQREKEDEQQERNNQVQRYEARLSPGDVVIIPAGHPVAVRASSDLNL LAFGINAENNQRNFLAGSDDN QODEV5 (Rice) >gi|83375868|gb|ABC17777.1| waxy [Oryza rufipogon] [SEQ ID 73] MSALTTSQLATSATGFGIADRSAPSSLLRHGFQGLKPRSPAGGDATSLSVTTSARATPKQQRSVQRGSRRFPSVVVYATGAGMNVVFVGAEM APWSKTGGLGDVLGGLPPAMAANGHRVMVISPRYDQYKDAWDTSVVAEIKVADRYERVRFFHCYKRGVDRVFVDHPSFLEKVWGKTGEKI YGPDTGVDYKDNQMRFSLLCQAPRILNLNNNPYFKGTYGEDVVFVCNDWHTGPLASYLKNNYQPNGIYRNAKVAFCIHNISYQGRFAFEDYP ELNLSERFRSSFDFIDGYDTPVEGRKINWMKAGILEADRVLTVSPYYAEELISGIARGCELDNIMRLTGITGIVNGMDVSEWDPSKDKYITAKYD ATTAIEAKALNKEALQAEAGLPVDRKIPLIAFIGRLEEQKGPDVMAAAIPELMQEDVQIVLLGTGKKKFEKLLKSMEEKYPGKVRAVVKFNAPLA HLIMAGADVLAVPSRFEPCGLIQLQGMRYGTPCACASTGGLVDTVIEGKTGFHMGRLSVDCKVVEPSDVKKVAATLKRAIKVVGTPAYEEMV RNCMNQDLSWKGPAKNWENVLLGLGVAGSAPGIEGDEIAPLAKENVAAP >gi|297614332|gb|ADI48504.1| glycogen synthetase [Oryza officinalis] [SEQ ID 74] MSALTTSQLATSATGFGIADRSAPSSLLRHGFQGLKPRSPAGGDASSLSVTTSARATPKQQRSVQRGSRRFPSVVVYATGAGMNVVFVGAEM APWSKTGGLGDVLGGLPPAMAANGHRVMVISPRHDQYKDAWDTSVVAEIKVADRYERVRFFHCYKRGVDRVFIDHPSFLEKVWGKTGEKI YGPDTGVDYKDNQMRFSLLCQAALEAPRILNLNNNPYFKGTYGEDVVFVCNDWHTGPLPSYLKNNYQPNGIYRNAKVAFCIHNISYQGRFAF EDYPELNLSERFRSSFDFIDGYDTPVEGRKINWMKAGILESDRVLTVSPYYAEELISGIARGCELDNIMRLTGITGIVNGMDVSEWDPSKDKYIA AKYDATTAIEAKALNKEALQAEAGLPVDRKIPLIAFIGRLEEQKGPDVMAAAIPELMQENVQIVLLGTGKKKFEKLLKSMEEKYPGKVRAVVKF NAPLAHLIMAGADVLAVPSRFEPCGLIQLQGMRYGTPCACASTGGLVDTVIEGKTGFHMGRLSVDCKVVEPSDVQKVATTLKRAIKIVGTPAY NEMVRNCMNQDLSWKGPAKNWENVLLGLGVAGSAPGVEGEEIAPLAKENVAAP >gi|389620054|gb|AFK93486.1| granule-bound starch synthase [Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare] [SEQ ID 75] MAALATSQLATSGTVLGVTDRFRRPGFQGLRPRNPADAALGMRTIGASAAPKQSRKAHRGSRRCLSVVVRATGSGMNLVFVGAEMAPWS KTGGLGDVLGGLPPAMAANGHRVMVVSPRYDQYKDAWDTSVISEIKVADEYERVRFFHCYKRGVDRVFIDHPWFLEKVRGKTKEKIYGPDA GTDYEDNQQRFSLLCQAALEAPRILNLNNNPYFSGPYGEDVVFVCNDWHTGLLACYLKSNYQSNGIYRTAKVAFCIHNISYQGRFSFDDFAQL NLPDRFKSSFDFIDGYDKPVEGRKINWMKAGILQADKVLTVSPYYAEELISDEARGCELDNIMRLTGITGIVNGMDVSEWDPTKDKFLAVNYDI TTALEAKALNKEALQAEVGLPVDRKVPLVAFIGRLEEQKGPDVMIAAIPEILKEEDVQIILLGTGKKKFEKLLKSMEEKFPGKVRAVVRFNAPLAH QMMAGADLLAVTSRFEPCGLIQLQGMRYGTPCVCASTGGLVDTIVEGKTGFHMGRLSVDCNVVEPADVKKVATTLKRAVKVVGTPAYQEM VKNCMIQDLSWKGPAKNWEDVLLELGVEGSEPGIVGEEIAPLAMENVAAP P14323 (Rice) >gi|573918992|ref|XP_006647120.1| PREDICTED: glutelin type-B 2-like [Oryza brachyantha] [SEQ ID 76] MATTVFSRFSTYFCVLLLCHGSMAQLFNPSTNPWHNPRQGSSRECRFDRLQPFEPLRKVRSEAGVTEYFDEKNELFQCTGTFVIRRVIQPQGLL VPRYTNAPGLVYIIQGRGSIGLTFPGCPATYQQQFQQFLPQEQSQSQKFRDEHQKIHQFRQGDIVALPAGVAHWFYNDGDAPVVAVYVYDV KNSANQLEPRQREFLLGGNNMRAQQVYGSSAEQHSRQNIFSGFGVEILSEALGISTVTTKRLQSQNDQRGEIIHVKNGLQFLKPTLTQQQEQA QAQYQEVQYSEQQQTSSRWNGLDENFCTIKARMNIENTSRADTYNPRAGRTTSLNSQKFPILNLVQMSATRVNLYQNAILSTFWNVNAHSL VYTIQGRARVQVVSNFGKTVFDGELRPGQLLIIPQHYVVLKKAQREGFRYIAIKTNANAFVSQLVGKNSVFRSLPVDVIANVYRISREQARSLKN NRGEEHGAFAPRSQQQSYPGFSNQSESETSE >gi|573919041|ref|XP_006647142.1| PREDICTED: glutelin type-B 4-like [Oryza brachyantha] [SEQ ID 77] MATTTFSRFSIYFCVLLLCHGSMAQLFSPTLNPWHSSRRGGSRDCRFDRLQAFEPLRRVRSEAGVTEYFDERNEQFQCTGTFVIRRVIEPQGLL VPRYTNTPGVVYIMQGRGSMGLTFPGCPATYQQQFQQFLPEGQSQSQKFRDEHQKIHQFRQGDIVALPAGVAHWFYNEGDTPVVALYVFD INNSANQLEPRQKDFLLAGNNNREQQVYGRSIEKHSGQNIFSGFNHELLSEALGISTLAAKRLQGQNDHRGEIIRVRNGLQLLKPTFTQQQEQ AQSQYQVQYSEKQQESTRCNGLDENFCTINARLNIENPSRADTYNPRAGRITHLNNQKFPILNLVQMSATRVNLYQNAILSPYWNVNAHSLV YMVQGHARVQVVSNLGKTVFNSVLRPGQLLIIPQHYVVLKKAEREGCQYIAFKTNANSIVSQLAGKNSILRAMPVDVVANAYRISREQARDLK NNRGEELGAFTPKFEQQSYPGLSNESESEASE >gi|109894635|gb|ABG47337.1| glutelin precursor [Zizania latifolia] [SEQ ID 78] MNMATINGPTIFFTVCLFLLCHGSLAQLLGQSTSQWQSSHRGSSRQCRFDRLQAFEPVRSVRSQAGTTEFFDASNELFQCAGVSIVRRIIEPRG LLLPQYTNGATIMYIIQGRGITGQTFPGCPESYQQQFQQSMQAQLTGSQSQSQKFKDEHQKINRFRQGDVIALPAGVAHWCYNDGEVPVVA IYVIDINNAANQLDPRQRDFLLAGNMRSPQAYRREVENQSQNIFSGFSAELLSEALGISTGVARQLQCQNDQRGEIVRVEHGLSLLQPYASLQE QEQKQEQPRERYQVTQHQQSQYGGGCSNGLDETFCAMRIWQNIDNPNLADTYNPRAGRVTNLNSQKFPILNLIQMSAVKVNLYQNALLSP FWNINSHSVVYVTQGCARVQVVNNNGKTVFNGELRRGQLLIIPQHYVVVKKAQREGCAYIAFKTNPNSMVSHIVGKSSIFRALPTDVLANAY RISREDAQRLKHNRGDELGAFTPLQYKSYQDVSSVAASS P14614 (Rice) >gi|115445309|ref|NP_001046434.1| Os02g0248800 [Oryza sativa Japonica Group] >gi|37993738|gb|AAR06952.1| glutelin type-B [Oryza sativa Japonica Group] >gi|47497729|dbj|BAD19794.1| glutelin type-B [Oryza sativa Japonica Group] >gi|113535965|dbj|BAF08348.1| Os02g0248800 [Oryza sativa Japonica Group] >gi|215768942| dbj|BAH01171.1| unnamed protein product [Oryza sativa Japonica Group] >gi|284431772|gb|ADB84627.1| glutelin [Oryza sativa Japonica Group] [SEQ ID 79] MTISVFSRFSIYFCVLLLCNGSMAQLFDPATNQWQTHRQGSFRECRFERLQAFEPLQNVRSEAGVTEYFDETNELFQCTGTFVIRRVIQPQGLL IPRYANTPGMVYIIQGRGSMGLTFPGCPATYQQQSQQFLFQGESQSQKFIDEHQKIHQFRQGDIVVLPTGVAHWFYNDGDTPVVALYVYDI NNSANQLEPRHREFLLAGKNNRVQQVYGRSIQQHSGQNIFNGFSVEPLSEALNINTVTTKRLQSQNDQRGEIIHVKNGLQLLKPTLTQRQEQE QAQYQEVQYSEKPQTSSRWNGLEENLCTIKTRLNIENPSRADSYDPRAGRITSLDSQKFPILNIIQMSATRVNLYQNAILTPFWNVNAHSLMYV IRGRARVQVVSNFGKTVFDGVLRPEQLLIIPQNYVVLKKAQHEGCQYIAINTNANAFVSHLAGVDSVFHALPVDVIANAYCISREEARRLKNNR GDEYGPFPPRLQQQIYPEFSNESKGETSE >gi|428674402|gb|AFZ41188.1| glutelin, partial [Oryza sativa Japonica Group] [SEQ ID 80] LLCHGSMAQIFSLGINPWQNPRQGGSRECRFDRLQAFEPLRKVRHEAGVTEYFDEKNEQFQCTGTLVIRRIIEPQGLLLPRYSNTPGLVYIIQGT GVLGLTFPGCPATYQKQFRHFGLEGGSQRQGKKLRDENQKIHQFRQGDVVALPSGIPHWFYNEGDTPVVALFVFDVNNNANQLEPRQKEFL LAGNNIEQQVSNPSINKHSGQNIFNGFNTKLLSEALGVNIEVTRRLQSQNDRRGDIIRVKNGLRLIKPTITQQQEQTQDQYQQIQYHREQRSTS KYNGLDENFCAIRARLNIENPNHADTYNPRAGRITNLNSQKFSILNLVQMSATRVNLYQNAILSPFWNINAHSLVYTIQGRARVQVVSNHGKA VFNGVLRPGQLLIIPQNYVVMKKAELEGFQFIAFKTNPNAMVNHIAGKNSVLRAMPVDVIANAYRISRQEARSLKNNRGEEIGAFTPRYQQQ KIHQEYSNPNESETQ >gi|226510|prf|1515394A seed storage globulin [SEQ ID 81] MATTRFPSLLFYSCIFLLCNGSMAQLFGQSFTPWQSSRQGGLRGCRFDRLQAFEPLRQVRSQAGITEYFDEQNEQFRCAGVSVIRRVIEPQGLL LPQYHNAPGLVYILQGRGFTGLTFPGCPATFQQQFQPFDQARFAQGQSKSQNLKDEHQRVHHIKQGDVVALPAGIVHWCYNDGDAPIVAV YVFDVNNNANQLEPRQKEFLLAGNNKREQQFGQNIFSGFSVQLLSEALGISQQAAQKIQSQNDQRGEIIRVSQGLQFLKPFVSQQGPVEHQA YQPIQSQQEQSTQYQVGQSPQYQEGQSTQYQSGQSWDQSFNGLEENFCSLEARQNIENPKRADTYNPRAGRITHLNSKNFPTLNLVQMSA TRVNLYQNAILSPYWNINAHSVMHMIQGRARVQVVNNHGQTVFNDILRRGQLLIIPQHYVVLKKAEREGCQYISFKTTPNSMVSYIAGKTSIL RALPVDVLANAYRISRQESQNLKNNRGEEFGAFTPKFAQTGSQSYQDEGESSSTEKASE P07728 (Rice) >gi|531874314|gb|AGT59174.1| glutelin, partial [Oryza sativa Indica Group] [SEQ ID 82] CRFDRLQAFEPIRSVRSQAGTTEFFDVSNEQFQCTGVSAVRRVIEPRGLLLPHYTNGASLVYIIQGRGITGPTFPGCPESYQQQFQQSGQAQLT ESQSQSHKFKDEHQKIHRFRQGDVIALPAGVAHWCYNDGEVPVVAIYVTDLNNGANQLDPRQRDFLLAGNKRNPQAYRREVEERSQNIFSG FSTELLSEALGVSSQVARQLQCQNDQRGEIVRVEHGLSLLQPYASLQEQEQGQVQSRERYQEGQYQQSQYGSGCSNGLDETFCTMKVRQNI DNPNRADTYNPRAGRVTNLNTQNFPILNLVQMSAVKVNLYQNALLSPFWNINAHSVVYITQGRARVQVVNNNGKTVFNGELRRGQLLIIPQ HYAVVKKAQREGCAYIAFKTNPNSMVSHIAGKSSIFRALPNDVLANAYRISREEAQRLKHNRGDEFGAFTPIQYKSYQDVYNAAESS >gi|109894635|gb|ABG47337.1| glutelin precursor [Zizania latifolia] [SEQ ID 83] MNMATINGPTIFFTVCLFLLCHGSLAQLLGQSTSQWQSSHRGSSRQCRFDRLQAFEPVRSVRSQAGTTEFFDASNELFQCAGVSIVRRIIEPRG LLLPQYTNGATIMYIIQGRGITGQTFPGCPESYQQQFQQSMQAQLTGSQSQSQKFKDEHQKINRFRQGDVIALPAGVAHWCYNDGEVPVVA IYVIDINNAANQLDPRQRDFLLAGNMRSPQAYRREVENQSQNIFSGFSAELLSEALGISTGVARQLQCQNDQRGEIVRVEHGLSLLQPYASLQE QEQKQEQPRERYQVTQHQQSQYGGGCSNGLDETFCAMRIWQNIDNPNLADTYNPRAGRVTNLNSQKFPILNLIQMSAVKVNLYQNALLSP FWN1NSHSVVYVTQGCARVQVVNNNGKTVFNGELRRGQLLIIPQHYVVVKKAQREGCAYIAFKTNPNSMVSHIVGKSSIFRALPTDVLANAY RISREDAQRLKHNRGDELGAFTPLQYKSYQDVSSVAASS >gi|472867|emb|CAA52764.1| 11S globulin [Avena sativa] [SEQ ID 84] MATTSFPSMLFYFCIFLLFHGSMAQLFGQSSTPWQSSRQGGLRGCRFDRLQAFEPLRQVRSQAGITEYFDEQNEQFRCTGVSVIRRVIEPQGL VLPQYHNAPALVYILQGRGFTGLTFPGCPATFQQQFQPFDQSQFAQGQRQSQTIKDEHQRVQRFKQGDVVALPAGIVHWCYNDGDAPIVA IYVFDVNNNANQLEPRQKEFLLAGNNKREQQSGNNIFSGLSVQLLSEALGISQQAAQRIQSQNDQRGEIIRVSQGLQFLKPIVSQQVPGEQQV YQPIQTQEGQATQYQVGQSTQYQVGKSTPYQGGQSSQYQAGQSWDQSFNGLEENFCSLEARKNIENPQHADTYNPRAGRITRLNSKNFPIL NIVQMSATRVNLYQNAILSPFWNINAHSVIYMIQGHARVQVVNNNGQTVFNDILRRGQLLIVPQHFVVLKKAEREGCQYISFKTNPNSMVSH IAGKSSILRALPIDVLANAYRISRQEARNLKNNRGEEFGAFTPKLTQKGFQSYQDIEEGSSSPVRASE 

1. A comestible powder comprising a peptide having 8-50 amino acids and comprising a fragment of a protein of SEQUENCE ID NO: 1 selected from the group consisting of: SEQUENCE ID NO's 7 to 20, 181, 190-195, 204, 207 and 216-218.
 2. A comestible powder according to claim 1 in which the fragment is selected from the group consisting of: SEQUENCE ID NO: 7 or
 13. 3.-40. (canceled)
 41. A comestible powder according to claim 1, including all of the peptides of SEQUENCE ID NO's 7 to
 20. 42. A comestible powder according to claim 1, in which the comestible powder is a nutritional supplement or a food additive.
 43. A method of improving glycaemic management in a mammal comprising a step of orally administering to the mammal a comestible powder of claim 1, in which glycaemic management in the mammal is improved by one or more of lowering plasma blood glucose levels, treating or preventing hyperglycaemia, increasing post prandial insulin secretion, regulating glucose homeostasis, and reducing or attenuating insulin resistance.
 45. A method according to claim 43, in which glycaemic management in the mammal is improved by lowering plasma blood glucose levels.
 46. A method according to claim 43, in which the mammal is a human with pre-diabetes or diabetes. 